Passenger Transportation Sector AIM Training Workshop Tokyo, Japan Oct 22-26, 2007
Introduction to Energy Balance Table Tomoki Ehara Contents Contents Terms & Definitions Terms & Definitions • Terms and definitions Calculation structure Calculation structure Transport. demand Transport. demand • Structure of CO2 emissions from Energy consumption Energy consumption passenger transportation sector Exercise Exercise • Trip demand (Passenger-km) – Passenger trip generation coefficient – Modal share – Average Trip distance • Energy consumption – Service share (technology selection) – Energy efficiency AIM Training Workshop Ohyama Hall, NIES, Ibaraki, Japan, Oct 22-26, 2007
Introduction to Energy Balance Table Tomoki Ehara Contents Terms and Definitions Terms & Definitions Terms & Definitions Trip Calculation structure Calculation structure Transport. demand Transport. demand Trip is defined as unit of “move” of person from one point to Energy consumption another with a certain objective. Trip changes only when the Energy consumption objective of the move changes. Trip is counted as one even if Exercise Exercise several modes of transportation are used for the objective. Person Trip Survey “Personal-trip” survey is aimed to understand the whole trip generated in a day with in a region in question, and investigate when, who, and for what purpose, the trips were generated. AIM Training Workshop Ohyama Hall, NIES, Ibaraki, Japan, Oct 22-26, 2007
Introduction to Energy Balance Table Tomoki Ehara Contents Terms and Definitions Terms & Definitions Terms & Definitions Calculation structure Calculation structure Trip Generation Coefficient Transport. demand Transport. demand Number of trips generated by a certain person per day Energy consumption Energy consumption Exercise Exercise A B AIM Training Workshop Ohyama Hall, NIES, Ibaraki, Japan, Oct 22-26, 2007
Introduction to Energy Balance Table Tomoki Ehara Contents Calculation flow of CO2 emissions Terms & Definitions Terms & Definitions Personal Trip generation coeff. How many trips are generated every day? Calculation structure Calculation structure Attribute Ex. Urban, 15-64 years old, Female, Shopping ： 0.88trip/day Transport. demand Transport. demand Modal Share Which transportation mode is selected? Energy consumption Energy consumption Ex. Car? Raiway? Maritime? Aviation? Exercise Exercise Service demand Average trip distance What is the trip distance of each mode? Ex.Cars ： 12.4km/trip, Railways ： 22 km/trip Technology selection What kind of technology (fuel) is selected? Ex. Gasoline vehicle 20 ％ , FCV60 ％ , EV20 ％ Energy Consumption Energy efficiency To what extent the energy efficiency would be improved? Ex. XX% efficiency improvement from 2000 CO2 emission coeff. What is the CO2 emission coefficient of electricity/hydrogen? Ex. Nuclear, Renewable, Natural gas, Oil… CO2 Emission AIM Training Workshop Ohyama Hall, NIES, Ibaraki, Japan, Oct 22-26, 2007
Introduction to Energy Balance Table Tomoki Ehara Contents Calculation Flow of Japan TDM_P Terms & Definitions Terms & Definitions Macro Economic Model Population Population Dynamic Model Calculation structure Calculation structure [Attribute, Area] Employment Transport. demand [Attribute] Transport. demand License Energy consumption [Attribute] Energy consumption Exercise Exercise Population Population [Attribute, Area] [Attribute] Trip Generation Coefficient Trip Generation Coefficient [Attribute, Day, Area, Objective] [Attribute, Objective, Mode] Modal Share Modal Share (%) (%) [Day, Area, Mode] [Attribute, Objective, Mode] Average Trip Distance Average Trip Distance (km/Trip) (km/Trip) [Day, Area, Mode] [Mode] Intra-Area Transportation Inter-Area Transportation (person-km) (person-km) [Mode] [Mode] ： Data Flow Net-Total Conversion ratio ： Endogenous Variables ： Exogenous Variables Passenger Transportation [Persons-km] Intra-area transportation Inter-area transportation AIM Training Workshop Ohyama Hall, NIES, Ibaraki, Japan, Oct 22-26, 2007
Introduction to Energy Balance Table Tomoki Ehara Contents Trip Generation Coefficient Terms & Definitions Terms & Definitions Male, Weekday Calculation structure Calculation structure Transport. demand Transport. demand Heavily dependent on population structure!! 3.00 Energy consumption Energy consumption 2.50 Exercise Exercise 2.00 trip/day/person 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 ～ 15 15 ～ 65 65 ～ ～ 15 15 ～ 65 65 ～ ～ 15 15 ～ 65 65 ～ Urban Agricultural Area Mounainous area Return Commute (Work) Commute (School) Bussiness Shopping Sightseeing AIM Training Workshop Ohyama Hall, NIES, Ibaraki, Japan, Oct 22-26, 2007
Introduction to Energy Balance Table Tomoki Ehara Contents Trip Generation Coefficient Terms & Definitions Terms & Definitions Female, Weekday Calculation structure Calculation structure Transport. demand Transport. demand Different trip objectives from that of Male!! 3.00 Energy consumption Energy consumption 2.50 Exercise Exercise 2.00 trip/day/person 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 ～ 15 15 ～ 65 65 ～ ～ 15 15 ～ 65 65 ～ ～ 15 15 ～ 65 65 ～ Urban Agricultural Area Mounainous area Return Commute (Work) Commute (School) Bussiness Shopping Sightseeing AIM Training Workshop Ohyama Hall, NIES, Ibaraki, Japan, Oct 22-26, 2007
Introduction to Energy Balance Table Tomoki Ehara Contents Modal Share Terms & Definitions Terms & Definitions Heavily dependent on the areas (infrastructures)!! Calculation structure Calculation structure 100% Transport. demand Transport. demand 90% Energy consumption 80% Energy consumption 70% Exercise Exercise 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Local Urban Local Core Other Local Urban Local Core Other Metropolitan Metropolitan Cities Cities Area Area Area Area Weekday Holiday Car Bus Railway Walk&Bike AIM Training Workshop Ohyama Hall, NIES, Ibaraki, Japan, Oct 22-26, 2007
Introduction to Energy Balance Table Tomoki Ehara Contents Trip Distances Terms & Definitions Terms & Definitions Calculation structure Calculation structure 25.0 Transport. demand Transport. demand Energy consumption Energy consumption 20.0 Exercise Exercise 15.0 km/trip 10.0 5.0 0.0 Metropolitan area Local Area AIM Training Workshop Ohyama Hall, NIES, Ibaraki, Japan, Oct 22-26, 2007
Introduction to Energy Balance Table Tomoki Ehara Contents Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) Terms & Definitions Terms & Definitions Calculation structure Hybrid-electric vehicles (HEVs) combine Calculation structure the benefits of gasoline engines and electric Transport. demand Transport. demand motors and can be configured to obtain different objectives, such as improved fuel Energy consumption Energy consumption economy, increased power, or additional Exercise Exercise auxiliary power for electronic devices and power tools. www.fueleconomy.com 300,000 Ba tte ry Ba tte ry Small Cars 250,000 Ordinary Cars 200,000 Inverter Inverter 150,000 Gene rat or Gene rat or Engine Engine Motor Motor 100,000 50,000 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 No. of Hybrid Cars in Japan AIM Training Workshop Ohyama Hall, NIES, Ibaraki, Japan, Oct 22-26, 2007
Introduction to Energy Balance Table Tomoki Ehara Contents Flexible fuel vehicles (FFV) Terms & Definitions Terms & Definitions Calculation structure Flexible fuel vehicles (FFVs) are designed Calculation structure to run on gasoline or a blend of up to 100% Transport. demand Transport. demand ethanol. Except for a few engine and fuel system modifications, they are identical to Energy consumption Energy consumption gasoline-only models.FFVs have been Exercise Exercise produced since the 1980s, and dozens of models are currently available.. FFVs experience no loss in performance when operating on E85 (85% ethanol) in USA. However, since a litter of ethanol contains less energy than a litter of gasoline, FFVs typically get about 20-30% fewer miles per gallon when fueled with E85. Ethanol is produced from corn and other crops and produces less greenhouse gas emissions than conventional fuels. www.fueleconomy.com AIM Training Workshop Ohyama Hall, NIES, Ibaraki, Japan, Oct 22-26, 2007
Introduction to Energy Balance Table Tomoki Ehara Contents Electric vehicles (EV) Terms & Definitions Terms & Definitions Calculation structure In an electric vehicle (EV), a battery or Calculation structure other energy storage device is used to store Transport. demand Transport. demand the electricity that powers the motor. EV batteries must be replenished by plugging in Energy consumption Energy consumption the vehicle to a power source. Some electric Exercise Exercise vehicles have onboard chargers; others plug into a charger located outside the vehicle. Both types, however, use electricity that comes from the power grid. Although electricity production may contribute to air pollution, EVs are considered zero- emission vehicles because their motors produce no exhaust or emissions. Alternative Fuel and Advanced Vehicle Center Battery Battery Inverter Inverter Motor Motor AIM Training Workshop Ohyama Hall, NIES, Ibaraki, Japan, Oct 22-26, 2007
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