Overview of ARPA-E: A New Paradigm in Energy Research Eric Toone, PhD ARPA-E Deputy Director of Technology Role of Information Sciences and Engineering in Sustainability Workshop February 3, 2011
Creation & Launching of ARPA-E 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act ($400M appropriated for ARPA-E) 2007 President Obama launches America COMPETES Act ARPA-E at National Academies on April 27, 2009 2006 Rising Above the Gathering Storm (National Academies) Innovation based on science and engineering will be primary driver of our future prosperity & security 2
ARPA-E’s Mission Reduce Energy Imports To enhance the economic and energy security of the U.S. To ensure U.S. technological lead in developing and deploying advanced energy technologies Reduce Energy- Improve Energy Related Emissions Efficiency 3
What is an ARPA-E Project? C>@$D&9>EFG9'&@%9HEAEGI' !"#$%& ' ' ' &,+5=1-1;:,)'35638'' !(')*++,))(*-.'/012,+3'+1*-4'567,8 ' • ! 'J1'=13',K:)3':='3146LM)',=,0;L'<60N,3' • ! 9:;5':</6+3'1='$>#$?@' • ! '$0,'=13'2*)3':=+0,<,=36-' <:)):1='60,6) ' :</017,<,=3)O'+1*-4'<6N,'3146LM)' • ! A60;,'+1<<,0+:6-'6//-:+6B1= ' 3,+5=1-1;:,)'1P)1-,3,' $JJ!&!EH$A!&I' #@E#A@' • ! J:Q+*-3'31'<17,'(10R604' • ! ' C,)3?:=?+-6))'/,1/-,' R:351*3'$>#$?@'(*=4:=;' • ! '&,6<)'R:35'P135')+:,=B)3)'6=4' • ! C*3'6P-,'31'6S06+3'+1)3')560,' ,=;:=,,0)' 6=4'(1--1R?1='(*=4:=;' • ! 'C0:=;)'=,R'/,1/-,.'36-,=3'6=4')N:--' • ! H13'6-0,64L'P,:=;'0,),60+5,4' ),3)'31',=,0;L'>TJ' 10'(*=4,4'PL'135,0)' 4
Funding Breakdown Project Breakdown by Lead Organization Type (% based on award value)* XV' ZV' F=:7,0):3L' [<6--'C*):=,))' UUV' XYV' A60;,'C*):=,))' H6B1=6-'A6P' UWV' H1=?/01\3' *Total Value of Awards = $357 million 5
FOA Round 1 ! ! ARPA-E’s First Funding Opportunity – ! Announced April 2009, Selections Oct 2009 – ! 3,700 proposals to 37 project selections ($151M) ! ! As ARPA-E’s inaugural program, this funding opportunity was open to all energy ideas and technologies, but focused on applicants who already had well-formed research and development plans for potentially high-impact concepts or new technologies %1=+,/3'#6/,0'#56),' ]*--'$//-:+6B1='#56),'' ]:=6-'[,-,+B1=' >,7:,R' UcX' UW'#012,+3)' UWYY' #6=,-' @=+1*06;,4' ^67;_'`a"b' >,+,:7,4' >,7:,R)' ]*--'' ^X?U'L,60)b' $//-:+6B1=)' 6
ARPA-E FOA 1 projects can be categorized into one of ten energy technology areas Water 1 project Waste Heat 1 project Capture Energy Conventional 6 projects Storage Energy 2 projects VBR Power Systems 5 projects Building Efficiency Biomass 3 projects Energy FOA 1 Carbon Capture 5 projects 4 projects Renewable 5 projects 5 projects Power Vehicle Technologies Solar Fuels 7
Large-scale energy reductions through sensors, feedback, & information technology - Stanford University Multidisciplinary project to improve the interface between humans and energy sensing technologies such as smart meters 8
Examples of the research thrusts Understanding human motivations to save energy Improving disaggregation algorithms for appliance-specific feedback kWh Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Quantifying effects of TED feedback on energy use (PowerMeter) Data from Plugwise Data from Google 9
ARPA-E Programs Electrofuels BEEST IMPACCT FOA1 GRIDS BEETIT ADEPT 10
Electrofuels program seeks to address U.S. oil dependence more efficiently than other biofuels Electrons/ Photosynthesis Reducing equivalents Chemical Biological Biomass Algae Catalysis Catalysis EtOH Pyrolysis Biodiesel Syngas Advanced Advanced oils Advanced CH 3 OH Fuels biofuels biofuels CH 4 Advanced fuels? 11
Batteries for Electrical Energy Storage for Transportation (BEEST) The Need : Development of novel battery storage technologies that enable U.S. manufacturing leadership in the next generation of high performance, low cost EV batteries. System Level Now BEEST Goals Multiple Energy Density 100 200 2X (Wh/kg) Cost ($/kWh) 1000 250 4X Example areas of interest • ! Advanced Lithium-ion batteries that exceed energy density of traditional Li-ion systems • ! Li-sulfur battery approaches that address the low cycle life and high self-discharge of existing state of the art technology • ! Metal air battery approaches that address the low cycle life, low power density, and low round trip efficiency of current approaches 12
Innovative Materials & Processes for Advanced Carbon Capture Technologies (IMPACCT) Transport Storage Capture Saline Aquifers Post Combustion Pipelines EOR Oxy-fuel Tankers Deep Sea Pre Combustion ~80% of CCS capital costs arise from the capture process • ! ~25-30% parasitic power load on a coal-fired power plant • ! Cost of Capture: $70-100/ton CO 2 • ! Levelized cost of electricity increases by ~80% DOE’s CO 2 Capture Goals: 35% increase in the levelized cost of electricity for 90% CO 2 capture 13
Agile Delivery of Electrical Power Technology (ADEPT) Industrial Indu Photovoltaics Distribution & Transmission ' >13 kV, 50kHz SiC transistors Lighting Automotive Automotive ' 14 14
Building Energy Efficiency Through Innovative Thermodevices (BEETIT) • ! Current refrigerants have GWP Primary energy use over 1000 x of CO 2 200 Vapor compression Primary Energy (kJ/kg) Current systems 160 Desiccants Global CO 2 and HFC emissions 120 60 GWP-weighted (100-yr) Target 80 50 Emissions (GtCO 2 -eq yr -1) 40 Theoretical limit = exergy 40 550 ppm 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 COP_Vapor-compression 30 450 ppm Theory Limit=cooling & gas separation 20 high 10 HFC range Reduce primary energy consumption by low 0 ~ 40 - 50% 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Year Achieve COP > 4 for GWP ! 1 Source: Velders et al, PNAS 106, 10949 (2009) 15
Grid-Scale Rampable Intermittent Dispatchable Storage (GRIDS) Renewables Today Storage for Renewables Tomorrow Power Based Cost ($/kW) $10K Cost Target Limited Sites Solar PV in AZ (TEP) Wind in OR (BPA) Pumped Hydro 1 GW Change 80% Change $1K 1hr Underground in 1 hr in 5 min New Compressed Technologies Air 2-5X MW $100 kW Lower 10min $10 $100 $1000 Energy Storage Costs ($/kWh) Minimum Response Time Seconds Minutes 1 Day 1 Day Problem: Need: Innovative Technologies for Minutes-to-Hours Changes in Power Cost-Effective Energy Storage Goal: Grid storage that is dispatchable and rampable ARPA-E Focus: Transformational approaches to energy storage 16 to enable wide deployment at very low cost 16
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