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Carbon Capture Technology Carbon Capture Technology Strategies Strategies ARPA- -E Carbon Capture and Conversion E Carbon Capture and Conversion ARPA Workshop Workshop Howard Herzog Howard Herzog MIT MIT October 29, 2009 October 29, 2009 Howard Herzog / MIT Energy Initiative

Today’ ’s Technology s Technology Today • Amines, primarily Monoethanolamine (MEA) Amines, primarily Monoethanolamine (MEA) • • Invented in 1930 Invented in 1930 • • Hundreds of processes in operation Hundreds of processes in operation •  Most industrial gas clean  Most industrial gas clean- -up (natural gas, up (natural gas, hydrogen, etc.) hydrogen, etc.) • Experience on power plant exhaust about 20 Experience on power plant exhaust about 20 •  Largest size about 1,000 tonnes per day (tpd)  Largest size about 1,000 tonnes per day (tpd) » 1,000 tpd equivalent to 50 MW coal 1,000 tpd equivalent to 50 MW coal- -fired power plant fired power plant »  More experience on gas than coal  More experience on gas than coal Howard Herzog / MIT Energy Initiative

CO 2 Capture at a Power Plant Source: ABB Lummus Howard Herzog / MIT Energy Initiative Poteau, OK – 200 tpd

Challenges for Today’ ’s s Challenges for Today Technology Technology • Costs for GHG mitigation Costs for GHG mitigation •  Starts at $60  Starts at $60- -65 per tonne CO 65 per tonne CO 2 avoided (4¢ ¢/kWh) /kWh) 2 avoided (4 for coal for coal  Add first mover costs  Add first mover costs  Add premium for retrofits  Add premium for retrofits • Large contributor to cost is parasitic energy Large contributor to cost is parasitic energy • load load  ~25% loss of output for a power plant capturing  ~25% loss of output for a power plant capturing 90% of CO 2 in exhaust gas 90% of CO 2 in exhaust gas • Critical challenge for PCC Critical challenge for PCC – – reducing the reducing the • parasitic energy load parasitic energy load Howard Herzog / MIT Energy Initiative

Improving CO 2 Capture Improving CO 2 Capture Technology Technology • Two primary approaches Two primary approaches •  Improved PCC technology  Improved PCC technology » Improved solvents Improved solvents » » Improved process design Improved process design »  Change process to make capture easier  Change process to make capture easier » Oxy Oxy- -combustion combustion » » Pre Pre- -combustion combustion » Post-Combustion Capture is critical technology for: (1) Existing coal-fired power plants (2) Existing and new gas-fired power plants Howard Herzog / MIT Energy Initiative

Post- -Combustion Capture Combustion Capture Post Technology Options Technology Options • MEA • MEA • Improved Amines • Improved Amines  Mixed amines  Mixed amines  Hindered amines  Hindered amines  Additives (e.g., piperazine)  Additives (e.g., piperazine) • Other solvents (e.g., ammonia) • Other solvents (e.g., ammonia) • Adsorption or membranes • Adsorption or membranes • Other options • Other options  Biomimetric approaches (e.g., carbonic anhydrase)  Biomimetric approaches (e.g., carbonic anhydrase)  Microalgae  Microalgae  Cryogenics/ phase separation  Cryogenics/ phase separation • Structured and Responsive Materials • Structured and Responsive Materials Howard Herzog / MIT Energy Initiative

Structured and Responsive Materials Structured and Responsive Materials • Opportunities for advanced technologies Opportunities for advanced technologies •  Greater reliance on entropic rather than  Greater reliance on entropic rather than enthalpic interactions enthalpic interactions  Minimization of large thermal swings for  Minimization of large thermal swings for regeneration regeneration » Stimuli Stimuli- -responsive materials to modify separation responsive materials to modify separation » environment environment » Use of non Use of non- -thermal regeneration methods (e.g., thermal regeneration methods (e.g., » electric swing) electric swing) Courtesy Alan Hatton Courtesy Alan Hatton Howard Herzog / MIT Energy Initiative

Examples of Structured and Examples of Structured and Responsive Materials Responsive Materials • Adsorbents • Adsorbents  Metal  Metal- -Organic Frameworks (MOFs) Organic Frameworks (MOFs)  Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks (ZIFs)  Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks (ZIFs)  Functionalized Fibrous Matrices  Functionalized Fibrous Matrices  Poly(Ionic Liquids)  Poly(Ionic Liquids) • Absorbents • Absorbents  CO  CO 2 Hydrates 2 Hydrates  Ionic Liquids  Ionic Liquids  Liquid Crystals  Liquid Crystals Courtesy Alan Hatton Courtesy Alan Hatton Howard Herzog / MIT Energy Initiative

Vattenfall Schwarze Pumpe Plant Vattenfall Schwarze Pumpe Plant Howard Herzog / MIT Energy Initiative

Oxy- -combustion 30 MW combustion 30 MW th Pilot Plant Oxy th Pilot Plant Boiler Air Separation ESP Unit FGD FG- Condenser Switchgear Building CO2-Plant Howard Herzog / MIT Energy Initiative

Oxygen Production Oxygen Production • Today • Today  Cryogenic Air Separation Unit (ASU)  Cryogenic Air Separation Unit (ASU)  Largest size  Largest size – – 4,000 tpd 4,000 tpd • Improved ASUs • Improved ASUs  Oxygen purity (95  Oxygen purity (95- -97%) 97%)  Pressure (1.3  Pressure (1.3- -1.7 bar) 1.7 bar)  Low power  Low power  Large scale  Large scale • Ionic Transport Membranes • Ionic Transport Membranes  Current scale = 5 tpd  Current scale = 5 tpd  Stand  Stand- -alone (heat and temperature recovery) alone (heat and temperature recovery)  Integrate in process (reduce O  Integrate in process (reduce O 2 partial pressure on permeate side) 2 partial pressure on permeate side) Howard Herzog / MIT Energy Initiative

Oxy- -Boilers Boilers Oxy • Synthetic Air • Synthetic Air  Requires flue gas recycle  Requires flue gas recycle  First tested in mid  First tested in mid- -1980s 1980s  No changes to water/steam system  No changes to water/steam system  Minimum changes to boiler  Minimum changes to boiler  Air enleakage an issue for retrofits  Air enleakage an issue for retrofits • Oxy- -Burners Burners • Oxy  Used in glass, metals, cement, waste treatment  Used in glass, metals, cement, waste treatment • Oxy- -boilers boilers • Oxy  Eliminate external recycle  Eliminate external recycle  Higher efficiency  Higher efficiency  Pressurized operation?  Pressurized operation? Howard Herzog / MIT Energy Initiative

CO 2 Purification CO 2 Purification • Flue Gas • Flue Gas  60  60- -70% CO 70% CO 2 2 (Air enleakage biggest unknown) (Air enleakage biggest unknown)  Particulate matter must be removed  Particulate matter must be removed  Non  Non- -condensibles and water removed during compression condensibles and water removed during compression • Criteria pollutant control • Criteria pollutant control  Co  Co- -sequester sequester  Modify current equipment  Modify current equipment  Remove during compression as acids  Remove during compression as acids • High recovery, high purity systems • High recovery, high purity systems  Distillation  Distillation  Membranes  Membranes Howard Herzog / MIT Energy Initiative

RD&D Pipeline for a RD&D Pipeline for a 8- -10 Year RD&D PCC Program 10 Year RD&D PCC Program 8 50 50 Exploratory (~$1 MM each) Exploratory (~$1 MM each) 30 30 Proof of Concept (~$10 MM each) Proof of Concept (~$10 MM each) 15 Pilot Plants (~$50 MM each) 15 Pilot Plants (~$50 MM each) 5 5 Demonstrations (~$1,000 MM each) Demonstrations (~$1,000 MM each) Commercial Technologies Commercial Technologies Howard Herzog / MIT Energy Initiative

Closing Thoughts Closing Thoughts • Allow room for people to explore Allow room for people to explore • • Avoid stove Avoid stove- -piping piping • • Understand lifecycle considerations Understand lifecycle considerations • • Create a transition from ARPA Create a transition from ARPA- -E to other E to other • programs as technology advances programs as technology advances • Don Don’ ’t forget fundamental principals t forget fundamental principals • Howard Herzog / MIT Energy Initiative

Obama visit to MIT Obama visit to MIT October 23, 2009 October 23, 2009 Howard Herzog / MIT Energy Initiative

Contact Information Contact Information Howard Herzog Howard Herzog Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Energy Initiative Energy Initiative Room E19- -370L 370L Room E19 Cambridge, MA 02139 Cambridge, MA 02139 Phone: 617- -253 253- -0688 0688 Phone: 617 E- -mail: hjherzog@mit.edu mail: hjherzog@mit.edu E Web Site: sequestration.mit.edu Web Site: sequestration.mit.edu Howard Herzog / MIT Energy Initiative