Role of multiple fracturing of vertical and Horizontal Wells in Maximizing production and extending life of the field M. Y. Soliman, Ali Rezaei, Fahd Siddiqui, University of Houston HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019 Outline • Hydraulic fracturing and field development • Hydraulically ‐ fractured systems: design and arrangement – Why multiple fractures – Effect on production Geomechanical consequences – • Fracturing and reservoir depletion – Low permeability formations – Naturally ‐ fractured formations – Effect of pore pressure depletion on local stresses • Re ‐ fracturing and infill well fracturing – Is it required? Vertical well: re ‐ fracturing – – Horizontal well: re ‐ fracturing, infill well fracturing – Geomechanical considerations for infill drilling and refracturing • Summary HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019 1
Hydraulic Fracturing and Field Development Horizontal well fracturing Pad drilling Haynesville Shale HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019 Fracturing Low Permeability Formation • High density fracturing is important to maximize fluid flow • Re ‐ fracturing may be necessary • Both have Geomechanics consequence HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019 2
Oil Phase Pressure, Permeability = 1 md HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019 Oil Phase Pressure, Permeability = 0.1 md HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019 3
Oil Phase Pressure, Permeability = 0.01 md HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019 Oil Phase Pressure, Permeability = 0.001 md HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019 4
Oil Phase Pressure, Permeability = 0.0005 md HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019 Fracturing Naturally ‐ Fractured Formations • Model consists of matrix and fracture (other than hydraulic fractures) • Flow from both matrix and fractures Kazemi et al, 1992 HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019 5
Oil Phase Pressure, Fracture System HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019 Oil Phase Pressure, Matrix HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019 6
Cumulative Gas Production 10 Fractured 9 Fractured After 2 Years Fractured After 4 years 8 Fractured After 6 Years Un ‐ Fractured Cumulative Gas Production, Bscf 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 Time, days HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019 Cumulative Condensate Production 70 Fractured Fractured After 2 Years 60 Fractured After 4 years Cumulative Condensate Fractured After 6 Years Production, 1000 STB Un ‐ Fractured 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 Time, days HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019 7
Hydrocarbon Recovery at 10 Years; Permeability vs. Well Type Oil Well Gas Well 30% 100% 90% 25% 80% 70% 20% 60% Recovery at 10 Years Recovery at 10 Years 15% 50% (Cum/OOIP) (Cum/OGIP) 40% 10% 30% 20% 5% 10% 0.5 5 0.05 0.5 0% 0% 0.005 Permeability md 0.05 Permeability md Vertical Vertical Vertical 0.0005 Vertical Horizontal Horizontal 0.005 Fraced Horizontal Fraced Horizontal Horizontal Axial Frac Horizontal 5 Horizontal 5 Transv. Axial Frac Horizontal 11 Transv. Transv. Fracs 11 Transv. Fracs Incr Fracs Well Type Fracs Incr Lf Well Type Lf HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019 Fractured Systems • Design and arrangement • Effect on production • Geomechanical consequences HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019 8
Effect of Fracturing and Refracturing All fractures Some fractures Re ‐ fracturing HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019 Multiple Fracturing of Vertical Wells • Proposed for – Low perm formation – Declining fracture productivity • Observed during drill cutting re ‐ injection HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019 9
Tangential Stress at Wellbore Wall 6000 Tangential Stress No Fracture Tangential Stress after One Fracture 5000 4000 Stress, psi 3000 2000 1000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Theta, degree HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019 Tangential Stress at Wellbore Wall Tangential Stress along the Wellbore Wall 20000 S h =3000 psi r w =4.25 inch Tangential Stress, psi 15000 P w =6000 psi L f =6 inch P f =2000 psi E=1,090,000 psi 10000 =0.225 5000 0 -5000 -10000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 o W Frac, SH=Sh W/O Frac, SH=Sh W Frac, SH=1.5Sh W/O Frac, SH=1.5Sh W Frac, SH=2Sh W/O Frac, SH=2Sh W Frac, SH=3Sh W/O Frac, SH=3Sh Wang, et al, SPE 201719 HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019 10
Multiple Fractures in Vertical Wells Cumulative production comparison for one and two fractures 1000 Single Frac 900 Two fracs 800 Total Production, mmcf 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 Time, days HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019 Multiple Fractures in Horizontal Wells Alternating Fracturing HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019 11
Propagation of Multiple Fractures (Clusters) from a Horizontal Well • Intra ‐ Well fracture Interaction (frac ‐ hits) – Interaction between active and passive fractures • Inter ‐ Well fracture Interactions – Interaction between fracture and offsetting wells • Stress Shadowing – Stress alteration caused by deformation due to fracturing HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019 Fracture Interactions in Nature Microcrack in A vein in granite Glass Rock 25 �� Overlapping a dike spreading centers Swain 1978, Pollard 1984, Atkinson 1987 HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019 12
Propagation of Clusters Displacement, m Stress anisotropy, MPa Horizontal well Y, m Y, m X (horizontal well direction), m X (horizontal well direction), m Minimum horizontal stress, MPa Shear stress, MPa Maximum horizontal stress, MPa Y, m Y, m Y, m X (horizontal well direction), m X (horizontal well direction), m X (horizontal well direction), m HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019 Overlapping Zones of Two Interacting Fractures Rezaei, et al 2015 ARMA-2015-449 HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019 13
Modified Zipper Frac (MZF), Non ‐ Symmetric Well A Well B HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019 27 Modified Zipper Frac, Symmetric Rezaei, et al 2015 ARMA-2015-449 HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019 14
Six SurgiFrac Waterfracs performed consecutively for an Openhole Chert horizontal wellbore HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019 Re ‐ Fracturing and Infill Fracturing • Purpose • Vertical wells: re ‐ fracturing • Horizontal wells: re ‐ fracturing, infill well fracturing • Geomechanical considerations HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019 15
Why is Re ‐ fracturing Needed? Original Original + re ‐ fracturing SPE 134330 HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019 Effect of Re ‐ Fracturing on Flow Rate SPE 136757 HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019 16
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