Global Time for Overcoming Internet Challenges: Scalability with Guaranteed Performance Yoram Ofek Universita' di Trento – Italia 7th Würzburg Workshop on IP: Joint EuroFGI and ITG Workshop on "Visions of Future Generation Networks" (EuroView2007) July 23rd - July 24th 2007 IP-FLOW European Project {EC Contract No. 002807} http://dit.unitn.it/ip-flow/ Outline � Motivations � Scalability with optimal pipeline forwarding � Networking with performance guarantees � Testbed validations � Summary EuroView2007 2 1
Motivations � Two primary Internet transitions: � 1. From business to home/mobile users � The capacity per home will equal campus capacity � 2. From (telecom) broadcast to (all-IP) on-demand: � Triple-any: anyone/anything(any-service)/anytime � Global scale: from anywhere to anywhere � Given continuous exponential traffic growth 50-100 folds (faster than “Moore’s Law”) , it’s envisioned >95% of traffic will be to home/mobile users EuroView2007 3 Motivations � Who will pay? � For 50-100 times larger Internet infrastructure and � When >95% of IP traffic is to home users � Given that service providers will not lose money again … � This requires: � Lower complexity/cost of IP infrastructure – Using global time from GPS/Galileo / other sources � Increase revenue from deterministic services – Using global time from GPS/Galileo / other sources EuroView2007 4 2
Outline � Motivations � Scalability with optimal pipeline forwarding � Networking with performance guarantees � Testbed validations � Summary EuroView2007 5 Global Time for Network Scalability [Our Version of Globalization…] � Global time is UTC (coordinated universal time) for time-driven switching – TDS / F λ S � Sub-lambda switching or � Synchronous burst/packet switching � Network scalability index definition: the ratio between the factor of network growth (scalability factor) and the factor of cost increase : larger the scalability index the better EuroView2007 6 3
Pipeline Forwarding � Pipelines are deployed to increase efficiency: � Optimal method - independent of a specific realization � Factory (automotive) / computers (CPU) � Internet Pipeline thanks: GPS/Galileo/ other sources � Time frames as virtual containers for IP packets � Thus, no header processing � T f accuracy of 1µs is sufficient TDS Animation UTC second Video with TDS with 80k Time-frames Time Time Time Cycle Cycle0 Cycle 79 1 Pipeline T T T T T f f f f f 1 2 1 2 1 2 1000 1000 1000 Time-of-Day or UTC 1 0 beginning beginning of a UTC second of a UTC second EuroView2007 7 Scalability with Optimal Complexity Scheduling Controller (per time frame 10-100µs) Computation complexity: O(NlgN) q in = 1 (optimal) BW(link) 0 0 s = 1 (optimal) BW(link) Switching Fabric Input port N Ports Complexity: NlgN (optimal) Input port s = 1 (optimal) q in = 1 (optimal) BW(link) N-1 N-1 s = 1 (optimal) BW(link) Pipeline EuroView2007 8 4
Example: 160 Terabit/s Fabric Crosspoint Switches: Vitesse – VSC3040 [144-by-144: 11 Gb/s] Optical Interconnections 1 1 1 1 128-by-128 128-by-128 1280 Gbps 1280 Gbps 128 128 128 128 1 1 128-by-128 128-by-128 1280 Gbps 1280 Gbps 128 128 EuroView2007 9 Outline � Motivations � Scalability with optimal pipeline forwarding � Networking with performance guarantees � Testbed validations � Summary EuroView2007 10 5
Networking with Global Time � No header processing / no segmentation / no reassembly � 1. A small 1MBytes file = 1000 packets � 2. A 1GByte file = 1,000,000 packets! � Delay per hop: constant � Jitter per hop: zero � Loss: none due to congestion � “Bonus” : QoS for streaming media – [Sort of a “negative option”] � No “stopping” of the serial bit stream � Minimal buffering EuroView2007 11 SVP for Plurality of Flows Like VP (virtual pipe) in ATM or Like FEC (forwarding equivalent class) in MPLS Setup with GMPLS (TE) (+ time semantic) Signaling Flows SVP (Synchronous Virtual Pipe) Access Bandiwidth Pipeline forwarding node Broker EuroView2007 12 6
SVP Across Synchronous and Asynchronous Domains Setup with GMPLS (TE) (+ time semantic) UTC from SVP TDP router or GPS/Galileo/ other sources TDS switch with SVP interface Pipeline Forwarding Asynch Asynch Network Network Variable delay Constant delay Variable delay Constant delay EuroView2007 13 SVP with “Best-effort” Predefine Scheduling GPS/Galileo/other sources with DiffServ Controller Packet Optical Filter Channel Alignment Non- Pipeline Scheduled GPS/Galileo/other sources Forwarding Optical Packet Channel Filter Opto-Electronic Alignment Switching Non- Fabric Scheduled (bufferless External with speedup of 1) IP Data Routing Packet Module Traffic In/Out EuroView2007 14 7
Outline � Motivations � Scalability with optimal pipeline forwarding � Networking with performance guarantees � Testbed validations � Summary EuroView2007 15 Current testbed: 10 Terabit/s � All off-the-shelf components � Using existing (5 years old) Mindspeed M21151 cross-point switches Optical Interconnections 1 1 1 1 32-by-32 32-by-32 320 Gbps 320 Gbps 32 32 32 32 1 1 32-by-32 32-by-32 320 Gbps 320 Gbps 32 32 EuroView2007 16 8
Current Testbed Setup http://dit.unitn.it/ip-flow/ GPS/GALILEO O-E: Optical-to-Electrical (analog) Streaming Media Source E-O: Electrical-to-Optical (analog) UTC Pipeline forwarding Streaming router Media Receiver UTC 01 UTC Mindspeed Mindspeed Arbitrary Cross-point Cross-point Distance 21151 21151 Arbitrary Distance 4 Streaming 3 1 Media Receiver E-O E-O O-E O-E 02 2 25 km Optical First TDS switch Second TDS switch Fiber TDS Animation Current Testbed with 100 km Extended Prototype Streaming Media Streaming GPS/GALILEO Source Media Receiver 01 UTC Network UTC UTC Interface Streaming Media Receiver 02 25 km 25 km 25 km 25 km Node 1 Node 2 Node 3 Node 4 Node 5 Node 6 A F B C D E Measurements 100 km fiber + 6 switching nodes E A F D EuroView2007 18 9
Switch Implementation GPS FPGA Receiver From 25km Based Network Optical Switch Interface Fiber Controller Optical Optical Mindspeed Mindspeed Inter- Inter- Switch Switch connect connect Board Board Carried out by Ph.D. students in 9 months EuroView2007 19 Current Wide Area Testbed � U. of Trento � Politecnico di Torino � Politecnico di Milano � Construction before August 2006 � Testing will start in September 2006 TRENTO TORINO MILANO EuroView2007 20 10
FIT: Future Internet Testbed Access Point Mobile WiMAX � 800 km 2 pairs of “dark-fiber” Canazei # POVO: UNITN in POVO along the Trentino Network Brez 150m 2 # # Pozza di Fassa TDS Ronzone # � Wireless: Wi-Fi & WiMAX Mostizzolo # Revò Cavareno # # Sanzeno # Moena Caldes # Cles # Switch/Router # � 6-12 yrs project for Malè # Dimaro Tuenno # # Predazzo future Internet: Taio Commezzadura # # Ossana # # Cavalese # # # # # Tesero Ziano di Fiemme - technologies, Vermiglio Denno # # Molina di Fiemme PL1 # S. Martino di Castrozza Capriana - applications & services Ton # Grumes Sover # Madonna di Campiglio # Mezzolombardo # # S. Michele all'Adige # Segonzano � Continuation of EU funded # S. Antonio di Mavignola Fai della Paganella Switch/Router Fiera di Primiero # # Cembra Canal S. Bovo # # # Bedollo Andalo Giovo # # Mezzano Pinzolo # # Zambana # IP-FLOW project # TN-P: TN Primary # Lases Molveno # Lavis # # Pinè TDS Fornace # Strembo # Trento nord Location 100m 2 Terlago # http://dit.unitn.it/ip-flow Spiazzo # # Civezzano Castel Tesino Trento centro # S. Lorenzo in Banale # # # # Vezzano Pergine Borgo Villa Agnedo Access Point # # # # Castelnuovo # Novaledo SL2 # Mobile WiMAX # Trento sud # Grigno Tione Preore Ponte Arche # # # Levico Lasino # Roncone # # Caldonazzo Dro # Carbonare Besenello Pieve di Bono # # # Switch/Router Volano FIRE Arco # # # Folgaria Rovereto centro Bezzecca # Riva del Garda # # TN-S2: TN Secondary Location Condino # # Nago # TDS Molina di Ledro # # Rovereto z.i. 50m 2 Mori # Storo Access Point Chizzola # Mobile WiMAX Interconnection (federation) # Ala Avio TN – Trentino Network # With open HW/SW TDS – Time-driven switches EuroView2007 21 Overall FIT Structure � Based on projects: � Overlay – services and applications � Underlay – networking – data plane � Inlay – networking – control plane = production network � Sidelay – access: wireless / PON / xDSL / … � Various combinations of the above – e.g.,: – overlay + inlay Overlay – inlay + underlay Sidelay – inlay + sidelay Inlay – … Production Network Underlay EuroView2007 22 11
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