High Efficiency Low Emissions Coal Use: Global challenges and Opportunities Dr Andrew Minchener OBE General Manager IEA Clean Coal Centre
The IEA Clean Coal Centre We are an international organisation, endorsed by the International Energy Agency. We provide independent, objective information on how to use coal more effectively, efficiently and cleanly, to minimise its environmental impact while providing cost effective energy
What does the IEA Clean Coal Centre specifically do? • Our output includes: • comprehensive assessment reports on all aspects of clean coal technology • webinars based primarily on the assessment reports, • technical workshops on key clean coal issues, • a major Clean Coal Technologies Conference • web based dissemination services • Increasingly, we are implementing various capacity building activities in developing countries and industrialising nations. These outreach initiatives support knowledge transfer on a wide range of coal related energy and environmental issues, particularly for power generation
Examples of the IEACCC outreach activities • Focus initially has been on Thailand and China, followed by support to several initiatives in India • Specialist assistance to UNEP, US Department of State, UNECE and World Bank/GEF • Carried out dissemination and outreach programme in China to support UK FCO Prosperity Fund programme • Worked with IEA on another FCO funded capacity building project in SE Asia, to assess options to reduce carbon intensity within the power sector
Scope of presentation • Projections for global coal use • Regional considerations • Policy issues, performance standards and financing prospects • The way forward for cleaner coal technologies (in terms of carbon emission intensities and non-GHG emissions) • HELE and its global importance • Current coal power developments and deployment • Longer term options • Use of coal as a resource to produce premium products • CCS/CCUS possibilities
Susta Sustainab inable ene le energ rgy y for th for the futu e future re: th : the e en ener ergy gy trilemma trilemma Energy security Environment & Economic climate protection competitiveness and equity
Rhetoric versus reality? Coal sector faced with unprecedented level of opposition • Much of it is irrational, non-scientific based, wrapped in self- serving unsubstantiated rhetoric, but • Campaign is well organised and geared to maximum exploitation of the digital media Reality does not resonate with such a vision for the future • Coal has to be a part of the global energy mix but it needs to ensure that it can meet the three parts of the energy trilemma • Future appears to be positive in Asia, while Africa and parts of the Middle East show promise • Expectation is that coal will be used for decades to come in significant quantities with a focus on those non-OECD regions
Projection of world coal demand & share of coal in world primary energy demand by scenario (IEA EA WEO WEO 2015)
Coal is important in many regions and can be used effectively in many sectors • Asia is focus for the world’s energy New and intended power capacity markets, especially in developing (Platts 2014) ASIA/USA/EUROPE countries. Coal has a far greater market share than gas in the power sector, which will continue. • USA has seen decrease in coal use due to impact of shale oil, with associated shale gas production, However, high cost shale oil production raises concerns about economic sustainability, while methane leakage is an as yet unresolved climate issue. • European Commission is driving forward a low CO 2 agenda, based on renewables and energy efficiency, plus gas as a back-up. This has cost and security of supply issues, plus gas leakage concerns. •
Projections can be changed • Introduction of high efficiency coal power plant will reduce CO2 emissions intensity • Subsequent introduction of CCS/CCUS will maintain the advantages of coal while making ever greater reductions in CO2 emissions intensity
Coal based aspirations towards lower carbon intensity • High Efficiency Low Emissions (HELE) coal technology is available now and being deployed commercially, such as in Germany, India, Japan, Korea, USA and most especially in China • Development work is underway to establish advanced HELE systems that will provide a step change improvement to over 50% cycle efficiency for current systems, with corresponding reductions in carbon intensity • HELE can be applied now and can readily link with CCS when required • Major transformational technology development programmes are underway to further address carbon emission limitations of existing systems
HELE clean coal technologies are a key step towards near zero emissions from coal Focus on technologies to reduce both GHG and non-GHG (NOx, SO 2 , PM) emissions. Technologies for cleaner coal generation Reducing coal (3) Carbon Capture (2) Reducing consumption and Storage non-GHG emissions (higher steam T&P) (to be added in due course) Turbine Generator Pollutants to be reduced Condenser CO 2 Storage • SO 2 , NOx, • Particulate matter Steam CO 2 Water • Mercury ( in due course ) CO 2 Capture Boiler De-S De-NOx EP Mill N 2 , H 2 O Coal Flue gas
What should be the way forward for the coal power sector? Near term: • Introduce HELE technologies rather than subcritical units • Examine all subsystems to see potential for improvement and implement changes where cost effective (as demonstrated on the Waigaoqiao No.3 power plant in China) • Step up the case for coal Medium term: • Establish advanced USC systems with state of the art non-GHG emissions control (at least two options to consider) Longer term: • Take forward options for alternative systems • In several cases link in and integrate the coal utilisation process with promising novel and improved CCUS techniques
The IEA HELE roadmap • Plan for coal power under the IEA 2DS to increase the proportion of high efficiency coal plants built in place of inefficient, polluting units • HELE technologies currently include USC, A-USC, and IGCC (in principle) , and • Average global coal efficiency is currently 35% • ~40% world power generation is coal: huge CO 2 savings possible by using HELE technologies • Only 50% of coal plant built last year was SC – focus need to be to promote use of HELE plant in the developing world and raise average efficiency • Adoption of CCS (once proven)will also be less demanding for HELE plant
CO2 reduction potential of coal fired power plants through increased efficiency (VGB Powertech 2013) • Increasing global average coal plant efficiency by 4 – 7%pts equates to 15-20% reduction in coal CO 2 emissions, or ~1 – 2 Gt globally • New technologies can further raise the efficiency ceiling • Upgrades will be required for existing plant
IEA CCC study on potential HELE impacts in Asia Project Projected ed i inc ncre rease ase in in co coal al Projected CO 2 emissions po power ca wer capa pacity city reductions from subcritical to USC Chart 1: Coal power in 10 Asian economies by region and technology (GWe ) Chart 2: Annual reduction in CO 2 emissions from new 2000 coal power due to use of HELE in place of subcritical technology (MtCO 2 ) 1800 7000 1600 6000 1400 5000 1200 4000 1000 800 3000 600 2000 400 1000 200 0 0 All countries, current All countries, current & planned China current China current & planned India current India current & planned Other East Asia current Other East Asia current & planned All ten countries China India Other East Asia Subcritical Supercritical Ultrasupercritical Emmissions if all new plant was subcritical Emissions with technology mix currently planned Emissions if all new plant is ultrasupercritical
Fundamentals of coal-fired power generation have remained unchanged for some time but……. Rankine cycle pulverised coal fired power plant
Increasing the flexibility of coal-fired power plants • Electricity output from renewable energy plants fluctuates, so fossil-fired power plants are having to operate more flexibly • This presents considerable challenges, both now and for the future
Impact on power production due to unreliability of renewables August 2014 (MHPS 2014)
Increasing the flexibility of coal-fired power plants • Electricity output from renewable energy plants fluctuates, so fossil-fired power plants are having to operate more flexibly • This presents considerable challenges, both now and for the future, which are being met by coal power plants • Generally worthwhile replacing control and instrumentation systems in older plant to increase efficiency and flexibility • Such retrofits can give faster ramp rates and lower minimum loads
Impa Impact ct of of wi wind nd on on coa coal l un unit c it cycling ycling
Changes to coal plants to increase flexibility
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