Need for Science-Policy Interface for 3R implementation Shinichi - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

6th Regional 3R Forum in Asia and the Pacific, 16-19 August 2015, Maldives Need for Science-Policy Interface for 3R implementation Shinichi Sakai Kyoto University

Need for Science-Policy Interface for 3R implementation 1. 3R Approach for Sustainable Resource Management (3RRM) 2. Science-based Developments in Policy Fields for 3RRM 3. Science Communities and Activities in Asian region 2

6th Regional 3R Forum in Asia and the Pacific, 16-19 August 2015, Maldives １． 3R Approach for Sustainable Resource Management (3RRM) Material Cycles & Waste Management 3

Hierarchy of Waste Management: 3R, “Reduce, Reuse, and Recycling” With the development and spread of the waste management policy, Hierarchical priority is given to “reduce, reuse, recycling, treatment and final disposal” in this order. We call the first three measures of 3R, “Reduce, Reuse, and Recycling”. The idea of hierarchy is regarded as the basis on regulations, policy discussions and voluntary plans.

3R Concept for Sustainable Resource Management (3RRM) 1. 3R approach as countermeasures on waste management 2. Static utilization of renewable resources and controlled utilization of non-renewable resources 3. Artificial stocks utilization and disaster waste management 5

Renewable and Non-Renewable Resources Type of Note Specific example Resource Fossil fuels : Never returns to the original Resources that cannot hydrocarbon forms on the human timescale. Non- be replenished on the renewable Mineral resources : Exhaustible because human timescale. resources soon-to-be unavailable with current technology and economic level. Resources that can be considered as no Sunlight : Energy emitted from the sun to depletion depending the earth will last for over billions of years. on their usage amounts Renewable resources Resources with actually no depletion Biomass : Plants produced through considering usage photosynthesis process using solar energy; amount and renewable i.e., non-depletable on the human time scale. amount. Ref.: Global Environmental Problem (3) – Transition from resource restriction and waste problem to recyclable society, Shinichi Sakai, Environmental Education, The Japanese Society for Environmental Education (2012)

The Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, January 17, 1995 Material Cycles & Waste Management 平成 21 年 4 月 15 日 7

The tsunami which swallows Sendai plains at 2011/03/11 about 15:50 Photo ： From the helicopter of the Sendai fire department 3

Amount of disaster waste generated Year Disaster Amount of waste 2011 The Great East Japan Earthquake 25 million t 2010 2010 Haiti earthquake Around 23 - 60 million t 2009 Terremoto dell'Aquila (Italy) Around 1- 3 million t 2008 2008 Sichuan earthquake (China) 20 million t 76 million m 3 2005 Hurricane Katrina (U.S.) 3 million m 3 2004 Hurricane Frances & Jeanne (U.S.) 10 million m 3 2004 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami (only in Indonesia) 2 million m 3 2004 Hurricane Charley (U.S.) 1999 Marmara earthquake (Turkey) 13 million t 1995 The Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake 15 million t (JPN) Note ： Some modification was made on review article by Brown et al. 4) 9

Meaning ing of Disaster ster Waste te Unit t of “１ ton/m /m 2 ” Aver erage ge unit it of poten tentia ial l was aste te gene nerated ted from om colla llapsed psed buildin ilding: g: 1 ton/m n/m 2 → Buildin ilding g of 100 0 m 2 2 gene nera rates es 100 0 tons ns of was aste Amou ount of daily ily was aste te gene neratio ion: n: 1 kg/ per erson on per er day ⇒ 1 ton/ n/ year ear (family amily of three ee) → The e amou ount of dis isast aster er was aste gen ener erate ated d by the e ear arthqu hquak ake equiv quivale alent nt to 100 0 year ears of daily ily domes mestic ic was aste

Towards the Establishment of a Cycle-Oriented Society and Chemical Substances Control Preservation of Earth System and Living System Cycle-oriented Society Chemical Substances Control Climate Change Endocrine Disrupters We will be able to save Earth and Livings if We run Waste Dioxins after Two Hears Resources & Energy Mercury ＊ We have no choice except pursuing these two ways to save livings and this planet.

“Clean/ Cycle/ Control”, 3C Concept  Basic concept for technologies and society systems with the control of hazardous wastes and persistent chemicals  Avoid the use of hazardous chemicals and the use of alternatives. （ Clean ）  In case there is no appropriate alternative substances and the use of specified material is essential because of its crucial effect, recycling should be the principle. （ Cycle ）  Emission control to the environment, and the decomposition and stabilization of stock substances and wastes which have been used in the past. （ Control ） Sakai, S. Environ. Sci. & Pollut. Res. 7(4) 225-232 (2000)

6th Regional 3R Forum in Asia and the Pacific, 16-19 August 2015, Maldives 2 ． Science-based Developments in Policy Fields Material Cycles & Waste Management 13

3R Initi tiati ative & Intern rnati ation onal al resource urce circul rculati tion Basic ic ideas as for establis ablishin hing g Sound nd Material erial-Cycle le Societ iety around und the e world Preve ventio tion of envir ironmental l pollut lution ion is  precon condition ition for effici ficient t use of resources ces Top priority: ity: Promotion ion of 3R and proper waste te  disposa sal in each ch country try Necessity: ssity: Preve ventio tion of illegal l export rt and import rt of  circu culative ve resource ces Importa tant point: : Smooth circula culation tion of resources ces  among country try to country for eff fficie cient use Ref: Interim report of MOE’s Expert Meeting on International Resources Recycling (2006)

Resource urces and Enviro ronmen nmental tal Issues es in st Century the Early 21 st ry – Policy Direc ecti tion on  Inves estment ent and efforts orts towards ards increas rease in resourc ources es produc duction ion  Developing eloping alternat ernative ive energies rgies and resourc ources es  Capit ital al inves estment, ent, R&D, system em developm elopment ent for r establishing blishing energy rgy-sav avin ing/ g/ eco-frien riendly ly societ iety  Promot oting ing activ ive e usage ge of circ rculat ulativ ive e resourc urces es while e cont ntroll rolling ing environ ironmental ental polluti lution on  Neces essity ity for r new growth h model el on the premise ise of high h resourc ource pric ice

Examples of the Expected Science-based Policies for 3R Activities/ Promotion 1. Reduction: Life-cycle effect of food loss reduction on energy & GHG emission, e.g. Food loss issue 2. Recycling: Available metal potential and technologies by recycling metals from E- waste/ELVs by substance flow analysis 3. Waste Management: Regulations for POPs & heavy metals, and their effectiveness  Dioxin Control: Measurement of dioxins in environmental media and human body, and their transport phenomena in local and global scales  PCB Decomposition: Development of PCB destruction technologies & verification of their effects on environmental load 16

17 Untouched Food Picture (2013-October-31)

18 Time series of untouched food  Continuous survey tells us the relationship between society and waste .  Packed food, processed food have been increasing. 2005 1989 198 200 1983 9 5 1991 2013 199 201 1986 1 3 (Ref. ) もったいないを考えるごみ図鑑編集委員会：ごみ図鑑 1979-2009 －私たちはどこから来たの－、 2009

Household waste composition as of 2012 19 After source-separation of: • Plastic containers and packaging Unit Amount: 437 g/cap/day • PET bottles, steel cans, and aluminum cans 0.7% 0.5% 0.9% 7.8% Food 2.0% Paper Textile 6.4% Plastic 39.9% Plastic Textile Food 9.6% Metal Glass Food waste Rubber and leather accounted for Paper Pottery 39.9% 32.2% (174 g/cap/day) Others

20 Household food waste composition as of 2012 Food loss (untouched food and leftovers) accounted for about 40% of food waste → These are avoidable! 6.7% 8.0% Cooking waste Leftovers 45.9% 17.1% Cooking waste Untouched food Untouched Leaves and coffee residue Water sink Leftovers 22.3%

Relationship between food loss generated and 21 GHG emission factors of each food category Untouched food  GHG emissions during production-cooking: approx. Production (CO2) Production (CH4) 12 kg-CO 2 eq/cap/yr. Distribution Wholesale and retail 9,000 GHG emission factor (g-CO 2 eq/kg-waste) Drinks (coffee etc.) • Meat accounted for 8,000 (3.5%) Meat (21%) less than 10% on food 7,000 Milk and diary product (2.2%) waste composition 6,000 basis. 5,000 Eggs (0.4%) • But, on GHG emission 4,000 Spices Vegetables (36%) Grains (31%) basis it accounted for 3,000 (5.0%) larger proportion, 21%. 2,000 1,000 0 Other drinks (0.6%) 8.3 Untouched food generation (kg-waste/capita/yr) (Ref. ) Matsuda, Yano, Hira, Sakai (2010) Life cycle analysis of household waste management considering trade-off between food waste reduction and recycling, Journal of LCA 6 (4): 280 － 287.