National Science Foundation NANO SCIENCE & ENGINEERING IN MECHANICS by Ken P. Chong PhD, PE, Hon. M.ASCE, F.AAM Director of Mechanics & Materials Program National Science Foundation www.nsf.gov
National Science Foundation
National Science Foundation
creation of new materials, devices and National Science Foundation systems at the molecular level phenomena associated w/ atomic & molecular interactions strongly influence macrospic mat’l properties [I. Aksay, Princeton] significantly improved mechanical, optical, chemical, electrical... properties “there is plenty of room at the bottom” [Richard Feynman, 1959] “nanoscale technology will have an impact equal to the Industrial Revolution” [Rita Colwell, 2002]
1 nm ~ 5 atoms length National Science Foundation ductile ceramics [w/ grain size in low nm range] fireflies convert chemical energy to light w/ near-perfect efficiency [ ME, Nov. ‘00] nano-photosynthesis: green technology MEMs as platform for NEMS bio-nanotechnology
National Science Foundation M. ROCO, ~2002
Organizations that have prepared and contribute to National Science Foundation the National Nanotechnology Initiative ( NNI ) Presidential Council of Advisors in White House Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Science and Technology (PCAST) IWGN (October 1998-August 2000) Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) NSET (August 2000 - continuing) Departments Independent Agencies DOC/NIST, DOD, DOE, DOJ, EPA, FDA, NASA, NIH, NRC, NSF, USG DOS, DOT, DOTreas, DHS, USDA Est.: Federal Government R&D funding NNI (~$700M in 02) Industry (private sectors) ~ NNI funding State and local (universities, foundations) ~ 1/2 NNI funding M.C. Roco, NSF, 5/29/03
Nanoscale Science and Engineering National Science Foundation support at NSF in FY 2004 The budget allocation expected between $249M (NSF Request) and $350M (Congress bills) • Program solicitations (about $91M, about 1/3) Nanoscale Science and Engineering - $79M, NSF 03-043 Nanoscale Science and Engineering Education - $12M, NSF 03-044 • Support in the core program (about 2/3) with focus on single investigator & other core Various research and education programs in all directorates Interdisciplinary fellowships; STC, MRSEC and ERC centers Instrumentation (REG, MRI); Collaboration industry (GOALI, PFI); Network for Computational Nanotechnology ($2.8M/yr); National Nanotechnology Infrastructure Network ($14M/yr); Nanoscale Informal Science and Education (NSF 03-511) • SBIR/STTR (additional ~ $10M) M.Roco, NSF, 9/29/03
Fundamental nanoscale science and eng’g - Principal Areas of Investigation – core programs (FY 2002) • Biosystems at the Nanoscale ~ 14% biostructures, mimicry, bio-chips • Nanostructure ‘by Design’, Novel Phenomena 45% physical, biological, electronic, optical, magnetic • Device and System Architecture 20% interconnect, system integration, pathways • Environmental Processes 6 % filtering, absorption, low energy, low waste 9 % • Multiscale and Multiphenomena Modeling • Manufacturing at the nanoscale 6% • Education and Social Implications (distributed) M.C. Roco, NSF, 01/31/03
Grand Challenges (NNI, FY 2002) • Nanostructured materials "by design" ~ 22% • Nanoelectronics, optoelectronics and magnetics 39% • Advanced healthcare, therapeutics, diagnostics 8% • Environmental improvement 4% • Efficient energy conversion and storage 5% • Microcraft space exploration and industrialization 3% • CBRE Protection and Detection (revised in 2002) 7% • Instrumentation and metrology 6% • Manufacturing processes 5% (details in the NNI Implementation Plan, http://nano.gov) M.C. Roco, NSF, 01/31/03
NSF - a pioneer among Federal agencies National Science Foundation and at the international level in Nanoscale Science and Engineering (NSE) FY 2003: ~ 1/3 of Federal and 1/10 of World Investment – Seven themes : Biotechnology, Nanostructures ‘by design’ and novel phenomena, Device and system architecture, Environmental Processes, Multiscale modeling, Nanoscale manufacturing; Societal implications and Improving human performance – Establishing the infrastructure : over 1,600 active projects; 20 large centers, 2 user facilities (NNIN, NCN), multidisciplinary teams – Training and education over 7,000 students and teachers 350 Fiscal Year NSF HR766 300 250 2000 $97M 200 2001 $150M NSE ($M) 150 Congr. Bill 100 2002 $199M 50 2003 $221M 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 R 2004 $249M $350M R M.C. Roco, 10/09/03
Nanotechnology R&D Funding by Agency Fiscal year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 (all in million $) Enacted/actual Enacted/actual Requests __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ National Science Foundation 97 150 /150 199 / 204 221 249 Department of Defense 70 110 /125 180 /180 243 222 Department of Energy 58 93 /88 91.1 /89 133 197 National Institutes of Health 32 39 /39.6 40.8 /59 65 70 NASA 5 20 /22/ 35 /35 33 31 NIST 8 10 /33.4 37.6 /77 69 62 Environmental Protection Agency - /5.8 5 /6 6 5 Homeland Security (TSA) - 2 /2 2 2 Department of Agriculture - /1.5 1.5 /0 1 10 Department of Justice - /1.4 1.4 /1 1.4 1.4 TOTAL 270.0 422.0 /464.7 ~ 600 /653 ~ 774 ~ 849 Other NNI participants are: OSTP, NSTC, OMB, DOC, DOS, DOTreas, FDA, NRC, DHS, Intel M.C. Roco, NSF, 2/20/03
National Science Foundation BASIC INSTRUMENTS & TOOLS
National Science Foundation Principle of AFM SEM image of the AFM cantilever and tip. http://www.di.com/app_notes/spmtechnology_appnotes.htm MEASURE FORCE F = F(d)
National Science Foundation • LIMITATIONS AFM SCAN SPEED ~100HZ [TAKES ~30 MIN. FOR A SMALL IMAGE OF 20,000 PIXELS]
National Science Foundation
National Science Foundation NEMS Nano-photosynthesis Cyberinfrastructure
National Science Foundation Map of Deformation-Measurement Techniques K.-S. Kim, Nano & Micromechanics Laboratory, Brown University Field of View (Gage Length in ) m -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 H R T E -1 M 10 LDLM - C F T M -2 10 Strain Resolution DIC A I -3 F n 10 M t F e r G f I e n L o r t f M o e R m I r n f e & e e t S s t e r -4 o r r R o L i l f c 10 u m E a S t G c S I i e e o t a n r E i y n n e r g y -5 L 10 i m i t -6 10 Field Projection Equilibrium Method Smoothing HRTEM High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy LDLM Large Deformation Laser Moire CFTM Computational Fourier Transform Moire FGLM Fine Grating Laser Moire AFM Atomic Force Microscopy LSI Laser Speckle Interferometry SEM Scanning Electron Microscopy DIC Digital Image Correlation SRES Surface Roughness Evolution Spectroscopy NSF Award No. CMS-0070057, Engineering Directorate (Program Manager: Dr. K.P. Chong & Jorn Larsen-Basse)
National Science Foundation L. SUNG, NIST
National Science Foundation Van der Waals Force www.topometrix.com/spmguide/1-2-0.htm
National Science Foundation EDUCATION 10 -12 m • QUANTUM MECHANICS [TB, DFT, HF…] MOLECULAR DYN. [LJ…]; NANOMECHANICS; • 10 -9 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; BIOPHYSICS • 10 -6 ELASTICITY; PLASTICITY; DISLOCATION... • 10 -3 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS • 10 -0 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS MULTI-SCALE ANALYSES & SIMULATIONS… ____________________________________________________________ TB = TIGHT BINDING METHOD; DFT = DENSITY FTNAL THEORY; HF = HATREE-FOCK APPROX.; LJ = LENNARD JONES POTENTIAL • NSF SUMMER INSTITUTE OF NANOMECHANICS & MAT’LS, NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY – contact: PROF. W.K. LIU
National Science Foundation CHALLENGES multi-scale
National Science Foundation
National Science Foundation BORESI AND CHONG, ELASTICITY IN ENGINEERING MECHANICS , WILEY, 2000.
NASA Langley Research Center National Science Foundation Nanotechnology Modeling and Simulation Computational Computational Computational Chemistry Materials Mechanics Nano Micro Meso Quantum Macro CO CO 2 C Matrix CO CO 2 C CO CO C CO 2 Fiber Structural Molecular Qualitative Predictions Quantitative Predictions Mechanics Assembly • Electrons • Surface Interactions • Molecular fragments • Constituents • Nuclei • Bond angles • Orientation • Interphase • Atoms • Force Fields • Crystal Packing • Damage • Molecular Weight • Free Volume 10 0 10 -9 10 -6 10 -3 10 -12 Length, (m)
Multi-Scale Composite National Science Foundation Multi- -Scale Multi Scale Multi- - Multi Phenomena Modeling of Phenomena Modeling of Epoxy Matrix Structure / Property / Structure / Property / 10 µ m Function Function Carbon Fiber Modeling Hierarchy – Bridging the Scale from Nano to Macro 1 µ m Nanocomposite Nanocomposite Carbon Fiber Carbon Nanotubes 100 nm Atomic Interactions Armchair Zig-Zag 1 nm r 0 θ Stretching 0 Bending Torsion van der Waals 1 Å
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