multi-wavelength variability from jets in X-ray binaries - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Beyond X-ray timing II: variability from jets P. Casella - Soton BH Variability /34 1 Beyond X-ray timing II: multi-wavelength variability from jets in X-ray binaries Piergiorgio Casella (University of Southampton)

Beyond X-ray timing II: variability from jets P. Casella - Soton BH Variability /34 2 outline why jets why jets variability jets variability!

Beyond X-ray timing II: variability from jets P. Casella - Soton BH Variability /34 3

Beyond X-ray timing II: variability from jets P. Casella - Soton BH Variability /34 4 l a n o why are jets important? i t a v i t e o d M i l S AGN - X-ray Binaries - GRBs - WDs - SNe - Protostars - (ULX?) General phenomenon >>> general knowledge AGN SN remnant protostar XB

Beyond X-ray timing II: variability from jets P. Casella - Soton BH Variability /34 5 l a n o why are jets important? i t a v i t e o d M i l S AGN - X-ray Binaries - GRBs - WDs - SNe - Protostars - (ULX?) General phenomenon >>> general knowledge They influence the evolution of the launching system They influence their surroundings (ISM, IGM) Jet launching mechanisms are unknown Jet structure and composition are often unknown They can be launched from, or close to, a strong-gravity environment Jets in XBs vary on timescales from years to milliseconds

Beyond X-ray timing II: variability from jets P. Casella - Soton BH Variability /34 6 multi-wavelength spectrum radio IR opt X-ray BH hard state Jet Disc high energy tail companion (inner regions) star

Beyond X-ray timing II: variability from jets P. Casella - Soton BH Variability /34 7 multi-wavelength spectrum radio IR opt X-ray BH soft state Jet Disc high energy tail companion (inner regions) star

Beyond X-ray timing II: variability from jets P. Casella - Soton BH Variability /34 8 jet evolution: coupling with X-rays Fender, Belloni & Gallo 2004

Beyond X-ray timing II: variability from jets P. Casella - Soton BH Variability /34 9 jet evolution: coupling with X-rays Gallo et al. 2003 ; Soleri et al. 2010 Swift J1753.5-0127 Swift J1753.5-0127 3 � upper limits Data used in Gallo et al. (2006): A0620-00 4U 1543-47 V404 Cyg GS 1354-64 GX 339-4 GX 339-4, 3 � upper limits 1E1740.7-2942 XTE J1118+480 XTE J1550-564, 3 � upper limits XTE J1550-564 b~1.0 b~1.4 GRO J0422+32 GRS 1758-258 Outliers, from Gallo (2007): Swift J1753.5-0127 XTE J1720-318 b G06 ~0.58 XTE J1720-318, 3 � upper limits IGR J17497-2821, 3 � upper limits XTE J1650-500 H 1743-322, from Jonker et al. (2010) and McClintock et al. (2009): detections 3 � upper limits

Beyond X-ray timing II: variability from jets P. Casella - Soton BH Variability /34 10 The radio-flat jet paradigm picture from Markoff 2010 Flux z Total spectrum results from summed contributions at each distance z along the jet ν obs ν a problem: the missing re-heating synchrotron losses should act very fast.. ...need for extra energy for the electrons!

Beyond X-ray timing II: variability from jets P. Casella - Soton BH Variability /34 11 The radio-flat jet paradigm picture from Markoff 2010 Flux z Total spectrum results from Pe’er & Casella 2009 summed contributions at Unless B-field is very low: each distance z along the jet much lower than equipartition with electron energy. In this case, maybe, you can make it without re-heating... ν obs ν a problem: the missing re-heating synchrotron losses should act very fast.. ...need for extra energy for the electrons!

Beyond X-ray timing II: variability from jets P. Casella - Soton BH Variability /34 12 The radio-flat jet paradigm a problem: the missing re-heating a possibility: internal shocks between discrete shells with different velocity. Jamil, Fender & Kaiser 2010 illustration of shells in our jet model. If the outer boundary of the inner shell, ( j ), contacts the inner boundary of the outer IS THE JET POWERED BY VARIABILITY FROM THE ACCRETION FLOW?

Beyond X-ray timing II: variability from jets P. Casella - Soton BH Variability /34 13 The radio-flat jet paradigm Jamil, Fender & Kaiser 2010 courtesy of Omar Jamil !"#$%&'()*+',-.' !"#$%&#'(')'*$%+,-(.%$/(01%020$%*(','345(#+--'- illustration of shells in our jet model. If the outer boundary of the inner shell, ( j ), contacts the inner boundary of the outer 67,'345( '8"%&03$%$%+,( 2'$.'',( 904,'$%*:( '#'*$3+,:(0,1( $/'390#(','345 6;<4=(')'*$%+,( 40&(>(?- 6@%9=(1"30$%+,A BC?D E (- 6F,%$%0#(%,$'3,0#( ','345(%,)'*$%+,( !"#$%&%'(%)#!**+ !"#"$$%&' !* ,-./#01.2%)3.45 IS THE JET POWERED BY VARIABILITY FROM THE ACCRETION FLOW?

Beyond X-ray timing II: variability from jets P. Casella - Soton BH Variability /34 14 chaos Hesiod 8th-7th century BC first there was X-ray emission then the jet

Beyond X-ray timing II: variability from jets P. Casella - Soton BH Variability /34 15 from X-rays...all the way into the jet radio follows IR which follows X-rays Mirabel et al. 1998

Beyond X-ray timing II: variability from jets P. Casella - Soton BH Variability /34 16 from X-rays...all the way into the jet radio follows IR which follows X-rays Mirabel et al. 1998

Beyond X-ray timing II: variability from jets P. Casella - Soton BH Variability /34 17 from X-rays...all the way into the jet radio follows IR by a 7 (or 33) minutes Fender & Pooley 1998

Beyond X-ray timing II: variability from jets P. Casella - Soton BH Variability /34 18 from X-rays...all the way into the jet clear need for a proper timing analysis either longer observations or higher time resolution teo’s talk: we can go fast in optical!

Beyond X-ray timing II: variability from jets P. Casella - Soton BH Variability /34 19 let’s go faster: X-ray/optical CCFs Hynes et al. 2009 Reprocessed variability: O’Brien et al. 2002 + 8 . CCF fg (t)= f( τ ) g( τ +t) d τ - 8

Beyond X-ray timing II: variability from jets P. Casella - Soton BH Variability /34 20 let’s go faster: X-ray/optical CCFs Reprocessed variability: Kanbach et al. 2001 X-ray/opt O’Brien et al. 2002 CCF ≠ The optical variability is anti-correlated, and precedes the X-rays! Not reprocessing...what? ( e.g. Hynes et al. 2003 )

Beyond X-ray timing II: variability from jets P. Casella - Soton BH Variability /34 21 let’s go faster: X-ray/optical CCFs Kanbach et al. 2001 X-ray/opt CCF Hynes et al. 2003 The optical variability is anti-correlated, and precedes the X-rays! Not reprocessing...what? ( e.g. Hynes et al. 2003 )

Beyond X-ray timing II: variability from jets P. Casella - Soton BH Variability /34 22 an explanation: a powerful jet The “common reservoir model” (Malzac, Merloni & Fabian 2004) jet - corona coupling through common energy reservoir optical from the jet X-rays from the corona accretion flow (reservoir)

Beyond X-ray timing II: variability from jets P. Casella - Soton BH Variability /34 23 an explanation: a powerful jet The “common reservoir model” (Malzac, Merloni & Fabian 2004) jet - corona coupling through common energy reservoir if the system is “jet dominated”, it works: Data Model

Beyond X-ray timing II: variability from jets P. Casella - Soton BH Variability /34 24 an explanation: a powerful jet The “common reservoir model” (Malzac, Merloni & Fabian 2004) jet - corona coupling through common energy reservoir reality seems more complex: 2001: 2008 (other 2 BHs): XTE J1118 (a BH) GX 339-4 SWIFT J1753 Kanbach et al. 2001 Gandhi et al. 2008 Durant et al. 2008 too many components?

Beyond X-ray timing II: variability from jets P. Casella - Soton BH Variability /34 25 let’s go faster: X-ray/optical QPOs (jet?) Hynes et al. 2003 BUT: the same QPO COULD be present in X-rays. the only ‘fact’ is that in optical the QPO is relatively stronger Gandhi et al. (submitted) GX 339-4 Gandhi et al. 2009 1.000 1.000 1.000 Power [ (rms/mean) 2 Hz -1 ] Power [ (rms/mean) 2 Hz -1 ] Power [ (rms/mean) 2 Hz -1 ] X-ray X-ray X-ray X-ray X-ray X-ray 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.010 0.010 0.010 Optical Optical Optical Optical XTE J1118+480 Optical Optical 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 0.01 0.1 1 10 0.01 0.1 1 10 Frequency [Hz] Frequency [Hz] Frequency [Hz] Freq x Power [ Hz (rms/mean) 2 /Hz ] Freq x Power [ Hz (rms/mean) 2 /Hz ] Freq x Power [ Hz (rms/mean) 2 /Hz ] X-ray X-ray X-ray X-ray X-ray X-ray 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.001 0.001 0.001 Optical Optical Optical Optical Optical Optical 0.01 0.1 1 10 0.01 0.1 1 10 0.01 0.1 1 10 Frequency [Hz] Frequency [Hz] Frequency [Hz]

Beyond X-ray timing II: variability from jets P. Casella - Soton BH Variability /34 26 if you want the jet..go where the jet is radio IR opt X-ray BH hard state Jet Disc high energy tail companion (inner regions) star

Beyond X-ray timing II: variability from jets P. Casella - Soton BH Variability /34 27 let’s go redder: infrared fast photometry! So far, in optical. The jet/disk ratio is (much) higher in infrared GX 339-4 - ISAAC@VLT - 62.5ms - K=12.5 X-rays E Casella, Maccarone et al. 2010 T X R infrared C A A S I 23’’ x 23’’