Black Hole Universe Low-frequency variability in X-ray binaries Tomaso Belloni (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera) Black-Hole Variability 2010 Southampton - 20/21 May 2010 Monday, May 31, 2010
What we will cover A historical perspective Hard state noise Soft state noise Quasi-Periodic Oscillations Unification High-Frequency QPOs in black holes Black-Hole Variability 2010 Southampton - 20/21 May 2010 Monday, May 31, 2010
The dawn of X-ray astronomy Uhuru discovers Cen X-3 Accreting X-ray pulsars Clear periodic signals Black-Hole Variability 2010 Southampton - 20/21 May 2010 Monday, May 31, 2010
The curious case of Cyg X-1 Everyone finds a period Someone has an idea.. noise Black-Hole Variability 2010 Southampton - 20/21 May 2010 Monday, May 31, 2010
Learn from history Be careful with periods (Real) Number of trials Presence of noise Errors Black-Hole Variability 2010 Southampton - 20/21 May 2010 Monday, May 31, 2010
Things got a lot better RXTE: Observation in 1996 Nolan et al. (1981) ) 0 9 9 1 ( r e g n i s a H & i n o l l e B Black-Hole Variability 2010 Southampton - 20/21 May 2010 Monday, May 31, 2010
Flat-top noise Broken power laws ) 0 Shot noise does not work 9 9 1 ( r e g n i s Multiple shot noise does a H & i n o l l e Spectra are already too good B Shots? Black-Hole Variability 2010 Southampton - 20/21 May 2010 Monday, May 31, 2010
Lorentzians Add to power law No need for power law Nowak (2000) You need a few, but not a continuous Black-Hole Variability 2010 Southampton - 20/21 May 2010 Monday, May 31, 2010
Go careful with Lorentzians.. Why do we use them? We do not have a model 1 Power Good fits are not everything 0.1 Do not use too many 0.01 Do not fit blindly 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 Freqency (Hz) Black-Hole Variability 2010 Southampton - 20/21 May 2010 Monday, May 31, 2010
Hard state and Comptonization Timing can (must) help Lags and energy dependence Time lags Rodriguez et al. (2004) Black-Hole Variability 2010 Southampton - 20/21 May 2010 Monday, May 31, 2010
Soft state Different energy spectrum Different origin? GX 339-4 Belloni et al. (1999) Tananbaum et al. (1991) Black-Hole Variability 2010 Southampton - 20/21 May 2010 Monday, May 31, 2010
Only broad-band noise? Miyamoto et al. (1994) Ginga in the 90’s A new state: VHS Intermediate spectrum Two flavors of timing Miyamoto et al. (1993) Black-Hole Variability 2010 Southampton - 20/21 May 2010 Monday, May 31, 2010
Intermediate/Very High At high flux: VHS At lower flux: Intermediate Méndez & van der Klis (1997) Ebisawa et al. (1994) [Belloni et al. 1997] Black-Hole Variability 2010 Southampton - 20/21 May 2010 Monday, May 31, 2010
Area and flexibility Enter RXTE: coverage! Black-Hole Variability 2010 Southampton - 20/21 May 2010 Monday, May 31, 2010
The HID XTE J1550-564 2.-4.7 keV 17.5-40.2 keV Homan et al. (2001) Black-Hole Variability 2010 Southampton - 20/21 May 2010 Monday, May 31, 2010
Where we stand now The HID Black-Hole Variability 2010 Southampton - 20/21 May 2010 Monday, May 31, 2010
Global variability The HRD 1000 PCU2 count rate 100 10 rms (%) 10 1 0.1 1 Hardness Belloni (2010) Black-Hole Variability 2010 Southampton - 20/21 May 2010 Monday, May 31, 2010
Global variability The HRD 0 10 4 3 2 1 1000 5 � 2 10 PCU2 count rate 1 2 3 Squared rms / Hz � 4 2 10 100 3? 4 1 � 6 10 5 10 � 8 10 rms (%) 10 � 10 1 10 0.1 1 0.01 0.1 1 10 Hardness Frequency (Hz) Belloni (2010) Black-Hole Variability 2010 Southampton - 20/21 May 2010 Monday, May 31, 2010
Quasi-periodic Oscillations Three separate types Casella et al. (2005) Black-Hole Variability 2010 Southampton - 20/21 May 2010 Monday, May 31, 2010
Quasi-periodic Oscillations? Frequency or amplitude? Harmonics can tell us Rao, Belloni & Stella (2010) Black-Hole Variability 2010 Southampton - 20/21 May 2010 Monday, May 31, 2010
Fast transitions and variability Type-B much less stable in time (radius) Nespoli et al. (2003) Belloni et al. (2005) Black-Hole Variability 2010 Southampton - 20/21 May 2010 Monday, May 31, 2010
How many types of QPO? Seen at the same time Follow different correlations Casella et al. (2005) Homan et al. (in prep) Black-Hole Variability 2010 Southampton - 20/21 May 2010 Monday, May 31, 2010
States and QPOs Major state transitions marked A C B Connection to jet ejection Jet line Belloni (2010) Black-Hole Variability 2010 Southampton - 20/21 May 2010 Monday, May 31, 2010
Other sources http://web.me.com/tbelloni/BlackHoleTransients/Home.html Black-Hole Variability 2010 Southampton - 20/21 May 2010 Monday, May 31, 2010
Frequency correlations Main components Lots of correlations Also for NS Something basic Black-Hole Variability 2010 Southampton - 20/21 May 2010 Monday, May 31, 2010
Frequency correlations Main components Lots of correlations Also for NS Something basic Black-Hole Variability 2010 Southampton - 20/21 May 2010 Monday, May 31, 2010
Frequency correlations Main components Lots of correlations Also for NS ν Break ν QPO ν L ν U Something basic Black-Hole Variability 2010 Southampton - 20/21 May 2010 Monday, May 31, 2010
Frequency correlations Correlation 1: flat-top noise break Belloni & Hasinger (2010) Black-Hole Variability 2010 Southampton - 20/21 May 2010 Monday, May 31, 2010
Frequency correlations Correlation 2: flat-top noise & QPO ν QPO ν Break ν QPO ν L ν U ν Break Wijnands & van der Klis (1999) Black-Hole Variability 2010 Southampton - 20/21 May 2010 Monday, May 31, 2010
Frequency correlations ν QPO ν L Correlation 3: QPO & higher-frequency components ν QPO ν Break ν QPO ν L ν U ν L Psaltis, Belloni & van der Klis (1999), Belloni, Psaltis & van der Klis (2002) Black-Hole Variability 2010 Southampton - 20/21 May 2010 Monday, May 31, 2010
Frequency correlations ν QPO ν L Correlation 3: QPO & higher-frequency components Broad Narrow 1 - X ν QPO r i C ν Break ν QPO ν L ν U ν L Psaltis, Belloni & van der Klis (1999), Belloni, Psaltis & van der Klis (2002) Black-Hole Variability 2010 Southampton - 20/21 May 2010 Monday, May 31, 2010
Models...? All models involve now GR frequencies Relativistic Precession Model kHz QPO 2: Keplerian kHz QPO 1: periastron precession Stella et al. (1999) LF QPO: Lense-Thirring precession Emission process must be added Black-Hole Variability 2010 Southampton - 20/21 May 2010 Monday, May 31, 2010
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