IV Semana de Engenharia Nuclear 11 e 15 de Agosto de 2014 Engenharia Nuclear da Escola Politécnica da UFRJ Military Safeguards: An Outlier Case Orpet Peixoto ABACC - Brazilian Argentine Agency for Accounting and Control of Nuclear Material E-mail : orpet@abacc.org.br IV Semana de Engenharia Nuclear - Agosto 2014 1
Outline • Nuclear Safeguards in Brazil • ABACC System • Military Safeguards • Special Cases • Opportunities IV Semana de Engenharia Nuclear - Agosto 2014 2
O Regime De Não-proliferação Nuclear Regimes de Acordos mundiais, Proteção controle das regionais, Física exportações bilaterais Fornecimento Salvaguardas Proteção contra de material, apropiação, roubo da tecnologia e outras atividades AIEA e equipamentos ilícitas Nucleares e duais 3 IV Semana de Engenharia Nuclear - Agosto 2014
History • Import of Nuclear material and installations; • Agreement type INFCIRC /66 • Specified Equipment • Indigenous Programs • International Pressure • Comprehensive Safeguards Agreements 4 IV Semana de Engenharia Nuclear - Agosto 2014
Argentina and Brazil Facts Argentina and Brazil are, respectively, the 8th and 5th largest countries by landmass in the world (11.3 million square kilometers); Population of ~240 million inhabitants; Two thirds of South America's surface, population and Gross National Product (GNP); Nuclear – program highest development in Latin America – wide technological fuel cycle Industrial e technological capacity; Growing and economical situation; Tension, conflicts and hegemony. 5 5 IV Semana de Engenharia Nuclear - Agosto 2014
Historic Facts from Argentina and Brazil • No real tension between the states; • The culture of non discriminatory acceptance; • The international pressure for peaceful use guarantees; • The technical community collaboration; • How to give the international steps to demonstrate the peaceful use of nuclear energy. 6 IV Semana de Engenharia Nuclear - Agosto 2014
INSTALLATIONS SAFEGUARDED BY ABACC Type of installation Argentina Brazil Total Conversion and Fuel Fabrication 8 2 10 U-Enrichment Plants 1 3 4 Power Reactors 3 (*) 3 (*) 6 Research Reactors 6 6 12 Others (R&D, Storage, LOF) 24 11 35 Total 42 25 67 (*) Including one Power Reactor under construction in each country. • 2 Multipurpose reactors (materials tests and radioisotope) • Isotopic Separation Laboratories • Small Power reactor • Land prototype naval reactor 7 IV Semana de Engenharia Nuclear - Agosto 2014
ABACC - Foundation and Purpose • Binational organization created in July 1991 with the purpose to manage and apply the Common System of Accounting and Control of Nuclear Materials (SCCC), established by the Federative Republic of Brazil and the Republic of Argentina. • Its headquarters are located in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. ABACC also has an office in Buenos Aires, Argentina. 8 IV Semana de Engenharia Nuclear - Agosto 2014
The Common System of Accounting and Control of Nuclear Materials - SCCC • The Common System of Accounting and Control of Nuclear Materials is a mechanism created in order to verify if Argentina and Brazil utilize their nuclear materials exclusively for peaceful purposes. • The SCCC consists of the General Procedures and the Application Manuals for each installation. – The General Procedures contain the directives of the SCCC. – The Application Manuals are negotiated between the ABACC and the respective country for each facility. 9 IV Semana de Engenharia Nuclear - Agosto 2014
The Bilateral Agreement In July 1991, the Bilateral Agreement on the Exclusively Peaceful Use of Nuclear Energy was signed. Established the Common System of Accounting and Control of • Nuclear Materials (SCCC) Created the Brazilian-Argentine Agency for Accounting and • Control of Nuclear Materials (ABACC). The Basic Undertakings of the bilateral Agreement between Argentina and Brazil are: To use nuclear materials and facilities exclusively for peaceful purposes. To prohibit in the respective territories: The testing, use, manufacture, production or acquisition by any means of any nuclear weapon; and The receipt, storage, installation, deployment or any other form of possession of any nuclear weapon. 10 IV Semana de Engenharia Nuclear - Agosto 2014
ABACC-IAEA relationship the Quadripartite Agreement The Agreement between Argentina, Brazil, the ABACC and the IAEA for the Application of safeguards, called the Quadripartite Agreement, entered into force in March 1994. The Basic Undertakings of the Quadripartite Agreement are: – The acceptance by the State Parties of safeguards on all nuclear materials in all nuclear activities within their territories, for the exclusive purpose of verifying that such material is not diverted to nuclear weapons or other explosive devices. – The IAEA, in its verification, shall take due account of the technical effectiveness of the SCCC. 11 IV Semana de Engenharia Nuclear - Agosto 2014
Organization of the Secretariat • Commission – 2 Argentinean members – 2 Brazilian members • Secretariat – Professional Staff (12) • 6 areas – Clerical Staff (9) – Inspectors (around 90) • Cross inspection system • Budget - Aproximate 5 Millions US$ 12 12 IV Semana de Engenharia Nuclear - Agosto 2014
Inspection Effort 700 600 500 Inspector days 400 300 200 100 0 Argentina Brasil Total 13 IV Semana de Engenharia Nuclear - Agosto 2014
Total of Inspections 200 180 160 140 Number of inspections 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Argentina Brasil Total 14
Legal Framework - NPT – INFCIRC 153 NON-APPLICATION OF SAFEGUARDS TO NUCLEAR MATERIAL TO BE USED lN NON-PEACEFUL ACTIVITIES 14. The Agreement should provide that if the State intends to exercise its discretion to use nuclear material which is required to be safeguarded thereunder in a nuclear activity which does not require the application of safeguards under the Agreement, the following procedures will apply: (a ) The State shall inform the Agency of the activity, making it clear: (i) That the use of the nuclear material in a non-proscribed military activity will not be in conflict with an undertaking the State may have given and in respect of which Agency safeguards apply, that the nuclear material will be used only in a peaceful nuclear activity; and (ii) That during the period of non-application of safeguards the nuclear material will not be used for the production of nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices; (b) The Agency and the State shall make an arrangement so that, only while the nuclear material is in sue h an activity, the safeguards provided for in the Agreement will not be applied. The arrangement shall identify, to the extent possible, the period or circumstances during which safeguards will not be applied. In any event, the safeguards provided for in the Agreement shall again apply as soon as the nuclear material is reintroduced into a peaceful nuclear activity. The Agency shall be kept informed of the total quantity and composition of such unsafeguarded nuclear material in the State and of any exports of such material; and (c ) Each arrangement shall be made in agreement with the Agency. The Agency's agreement shall be given as promptly as possible; it shall only relate to the temporal and procedural provisions, reporting arrangements, etc., but shall not involve any approval or classified knowledge of the military activity or relate to the use of the nuclear material therein. 15 IV Semana de Engenharia Nuclear - Agosto 2014
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