Military EMC Testing Presented By: Erik Borgstrom Element Materials Technology erik.borgstrom@element.com www.element.com
EMC Testing vs. Environmental Testing – Earth(quake)!
EMC Testing vs. Environmental Testing – Wind (& Rain)!
EMC Testing vs. Environmental Testing – Fire!
EMC Testing vs. Environmental Testing – RF Susceptibility…
EMC Testing for Military Equipment Unlike many Environmental tests, EMC testing is typically not very interesting to watch – in fact, it is boring… But we LIKE it that way!! This talk will be an overview of the EMC testing requirements for Military equipment and systems. Although EMC testing can (and should) be boring, the hope is that this talk will NOT be boring – but this depends at least in part on YOUR participation. But if you do fall asleep, I will not take offense – as long as you don’t snore…
Military EMC Environments Can Be Harsh
The Consequences of an EMC Problem can be (and have been) Severe (and Tragic)... USS Forrestal Falklands war F-111s over Libya UH-60 problems Joint ops problems in Somalia & Iraq
EMC Testing – Military EMC is Required by Military Regulations – Though enforcement is not universal… EMC testing requirements are based on the Environment(s) of Intended Use: Ground Vehicles, Personnel, Buildings Aircraft Air Force, Army, Navy Shipboard Army/Navy, Above/Below Decks, Submarines Susceptibility test levels and Emission limits are different based on the installation (“Platform”) where the system is used Standard for Military EMC in the US (and in most of the rest of the world) is MIL-STD-461 G
Before MIL-STD- 461…. In the OLD Days…. Each Service (Army, Navy, Air Force) had separate EMC requirements and tests. In some cases, a new platform (ship, airplane, vehicle) would have completely new and different EMC specifications!
MIL-STD-461 History Written by the Tri-Service Working Group MIL-STD-461 (and 462) published in 1967 461: Requirements 462: Test Methods and Procedures MIL-STD-461A published in 1968 MIL-STD-461B published in 1980 MIL-STD-461C published in 1986 MIL-STD-461D published in 1993 MIL-STD-462D also published in 1993 Multiple “Notices” for MIL -STD-462 released between 1967 and 1993 MIL-STD-461E published in 1999, incorporating test methods from 462 MIL-STD-461F published in 2007 MIL-STD-461G published in 2015 Significant Change in Section 4 “General Requirements” “After the initial calibration, passive devices such as measurement antennas, current probes, and LISNs, require no further formal calibration unless the device is repaired. The measurement system integrity check in the procedures is sufficient to determine acceptability of passive devices.”
MIL-STD-461G “REQUIREMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE CHARACTERISTICS OF SUBSYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT” “This standard establishes interface and associated verification requirements for the control of the electromagnetic interference (EMI) emission and susceptibility characteristics of electronic, electrical, and electromechanical equipment and subsystems designed or procured for use by activities and agencies of the Department of Defense (DoD ).” 19 Tests Methods with requirements and procedures 3 Conducted Emissions 10 Conducted Susceptibility 3 Radiated Emissions 3 Radiated Susceptibility Appendix A: Detailed and extensive “Application Guide”
Related Standards RTCA/DO-160: Environmental Conditions and Test Procedures for Airborne Equipment MIL-STD-704: Power Input Requirements for Aircraft MIL-STD-1275: Power Input Requirements for Ground Vehicles MIL-STD-1399, Section 300: Power Input Requirements for Ships MIL-STD-464: Electromagnetic Environments ADS-37A-PRF: EMI Performance and Verification Requirements for (Army) Aviation Systems
RTCA/DO-160G Published by RTCA, Inc., a Not-for-Profit corporation “Environmental Conditions and Test Procedures for Airborne Equipment” “... defines a series of minimum standard environmental test conditions (categories) and applicable test procedures for airborne equipment. The purpose of these tests is to provide a laboratory means of determining the performance characteristics of airborne equipment in environmental conditions representative of those which may be encountered in airborne operation of the equipment.” 3 sections of General Information 13 sections covering the Physical Environment 10 sections on Electrical / Electromagnetic Environment 3 appendices
MIL-STD-461G and DO-160G MIL-STD-461 (Method) DO-160 (Section) Test RE101 (Sort of) 15 Magnetic Effect / Magnetic Field Emissions (MIL-STD-704), CE101 16 Power Input CS106 (461F) 17 Voltage Spike CS101 18 Audio Frequency Conducted Susceptibility - Power Inputs CS109, CS115, CS116, RS101 19 Induced Signal Susceptibility CS114, RS103 20 Radio Frequency Susceptibility (Radiated and Conducted) CE102, RE102 21 Emission of Radio Frequency Energy CS117 22 Lightning Induced Transient Susceptibility CS118 25 Electrostatic Discharge MIL-STD-461G CE106, RE103, CS103, CS104, CS105: equivalent tests in FAA regulations (TSO MOPS) DO-160G Section 23 (Direct Strike Lightning): equivalent requirements in MIL-STD-464C MIL-STD-461G RS105 (NEMP): no equivalent test in DO-160G or FAA regulations (yet)
MIL-STD-461G Test Methods
MIL-STD-461G Test Method Applicability
CE101 0.03-10kHz, power leads only, measured with a current probe
CE101 -- Limits
CE101 Test Setup
CE102 CE102: Conducted Emissions, Radio Frequency Potential, Power Leads 0.01 to 10MHz, power leads only 5 limits depending upon input voltage Measurement using LISN RF port No significant change for MIL-STD-461G
CE102 Test Setup
CE106 CE106: Conducted Emissions, Antenna Port Limits: Receivers, Transmitters and amplifiers (standby mode): 34 dBμV Transmitters and amplifiers (transmit mode): Harmonics, except the second and third, and all other spurious emissions shall be at least 80 dB down from the level at the fundamental. The second and third harmonics shall be suppressed to a level of -20 dBm or 80 dB below the fundamental, whichever requires less suppression. For Navy shipboard applications, the second and third harmonics will be suppressed to a level of -20 dBm and all other harmonics and spurious emissions shall be suppressed to -40 dBm, except if the duty cycle of the emissions are less than 0.2%, then the limit may be relaxed to 0 dBm.
CE106 Test Setup
CS101 CS101: Conducted Susceptibility, Power Leads 0.03 to 150kHz frequency range; test levels up to 8% of input rms voltage 2 test levels: 28V or less; >28V Pre-calibrated power limit up to 80W No significant changes for MIL-STD-461G
CS101 Test Setup
CS101 Test Levels
CS103/104/105 CS103: Conducted Susceptibility, Antenna Port, Intermodulation CS104: Conducted Susceptibility, Antenna Port, Rejection of Undesired Signals CS105: Conducted Susceptibility, Antenna Port, Cross Modulation
CS103/104/105 Test Setup
CS106 (MIL-STD-461F) CS106: Conducted Susceptibility, Transients, Power Leads 5 micro-second spike ≤ 2 ohm source impedance 400V test level, pre-calibrated across 5 ohms Eliminated in 461G
CS106 Test Setup
CS109 Conducted Susceptibility, Structure Current 0.06 to 100kHz frequency range, 1 test level No significant changes for 461G
CS114 CS114: Conducted Susceptibility, Bulk Cable Injection 0.01 to 200MHz, 1kHz SW modulation only 5 test levels (“Curves”) depending upon the details of the installation/platform Special 4-10kHz test for Navy ships & submarines at 77dBuA Pre-calibration in a 50 ohm fixture, induced current monitored during test Significant change for MIL-STD-461G: Test System Verification with monitor probe in a 2 nd 50 ohm fixture
CS114 Test Levels
CS114 Test Level Applicability
CS114 Calibration and Verification Setups
CS114 Test Setup
CS115/CS116 CS115: Conducted Susceptibility, Bulk Cable Injection, Impulse Excitation 30 nSec pulse, 30 Hz rep rate, 1 test level: 5A peak, pre-calibrated in 50 ohm fixture CS116: Conducted Susceptibility, Damped Sinusoidal Transients, Cables and Power Leads 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 30, & 100MHz test frequencies Test levels up to 10A peak, pre-calibrated in 50 ohm fixture or actual induced current during test No significant changes for 461G 461E: Air Force test level for CS116 = 5A max
CS115 Test Waveform
CS116 Test Levels
CS115/CS116 Calibration and Test Setups
Lightning
Lightning
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