All About Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University nmsu.edu Metal contaminants in the Animas and San Juan Watershed Gaurav Jha Alyce Matthews
Historical agriculture in the Lower Animas Watershed (Bart Wilsey, Farmington Museum Director, 2017 personal communication) A historical photo of the high value apple crop in San Juan County (Bart Wilsey, Farmington Museum Director, 2017 personal communication) All About Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University nmsu.edu
We as Navajo people view as things as having life and draw no no disti tincti tion on b between a abioti tic and bioti tic. In our holy songs we sing about being chil hildren o of t f the he e earth. We were made from ears of s of cor orn and the he big big w wind g gave us us l life ife. Water i is r revered a d and h d held d sacred ed. The rivers carry our prayers and are integral part of ceremonial life. When t en the Gold K King ng Mine S ne Spill happened ened i it affe ffected a a ho holy p part rt o of f world, t the he San Jua Juan. We watched our children, the corn and plants died. We e need need t the w water a and nd p plants in ou our c ceremonies to to resto tore bala lance a and h harmony to to ou our world ld. Without being sure of the sanctity of our water and plants, our holy corn pollen path was disrupted. That why I believe our work is vital to revitalizing our farming way of life and reconnecting to our Mother the Earth. Hozho - Brand ndon F n Franc ncis All About Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University nmsu.edu
Study Questions ▪ What is the occurrence of metal-contaminated sediment in irrigation ditches and agricultural fields along the Animas and San Juan Rivers? Ditch sediments and agricultural field soils analysis ▪ What metals of concern are found in plants-leaf tissue and fruits/ vegetables from fields receiving irrigation water from the Animas and San Juan Rivers? Plant leaf tissue and fruits/vegetables analysis ▪ What metal concentrations are on plant surfaces (i.e. as residue from irrigation water)? Plant rinsate analysis ▪ What are the metal concentrations in irrigation water? Total suspended solids and metal content in irrigation water All About Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University nmsu.edu 4
SAMPLING LOCATIONS Representation of irrigation ditches with All About Discovery! ™ increasing distance from the GKM (Colorado New Mexico State University nmsu.edu and NM border through Shiprock)
Sampling timeline 2017 Growing season All About Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University nmsu.edu
Analysis techniques All About Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University nmsu.edu
sampling schematic (elaborated below); nine categorized sample points were used for statistical analys All About Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University nmsu.edu
Lead Levels Among Point Categories in a Ditch Transect All About Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University nmsu.edu
Arsenic Levels Among Point Categories in a Ditch Transect All About Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University nmsu.edu
Metal concentrations in ditch sediments across Animas and San Juan watershed • No obvious trends of metal Arsenic concentration (in parts per million) concentration with distance from Gold King Mine. • Iron, copper, arsenic, zinc and lead higher concentration on the sides than center of ditches. • Sediment metal analysis shows that most elements of concern are below the EPA Residential Screening Value, RSL. Center Side All About Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University nmsu.edu
All About Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University nmsu.edu
Metal concentrations (ppm) in irrigation water across Animas and San Juan watershed Ca Fe As Pb Zn Al Cr Cu Mn Season Location (5 ppm) (Guideline value) * (0.10 ppm) (5 ppm) (2 ppm) (5 ppm) (0.10 ppm) (0.20 ppm) (0.20 ppm) Upper Animas ND 0.004 0.07 0.68 54.32 ND 0.0085 0.78 0.07 Pre-growing (Aztec) ND 0.008 0.06 0.84 44.08 ND ND 1.07 0.11 Growing ND 0.001 0.005 0.66 66.5 ND ND 0.70 0.06 Post-growing Lower Animas ND 0.006 0.07 1.54 62.40 ND ND 1.55 0.15 Pre-growing (Farmington) ND ND 0.05 0.56 52.05 ND ND 0.64 0.11 Growing ND 0.003 0.02 1.53 142.6 ND ND 1.70 0.23 Post-growing San Juan ND 0.004 0.04 2.19 53.62 ND ND 2.15 0.09 (Navajo Nation) Pre-growing ND 0.007 0.05 2.13 52.80 ND ND 2.13 0.14 Growing All About Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University Post-growing 0.001 0.032 0.11 31.22 89.70 0.02 0.05 27.65 1.02 nmsu.edu
Metal concentrations (ppm) in irrigation water across Animas and San Juan watershed Ca Fe As Pb Zn Al Cr Cu Mn Season Location (5 ppm) (0.10 ppm) (5 ppm) (2 ppm) (5 ppm) (0.10 ppm) (0.20 ppm) (0.20 ppm) (Guideline value) * Upper Animas Pre-growing (Aztec) Growing Post-growing Lower Animas Pre-growing (Farmington) Growing Post-growing San Juan (Navajo Nation) Pre-growing Growing All About Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University Post-growing nmsu.edu *New Mexico Water Quality Standards for irrigation
Total Suspended Solids in irrigation water across Animas and San Juan watershed Season A TSS Location (Guideline (mg/L) value) * Upper Animas Pre-growing 30 (Aztec) Growing 45 Post-growing 67 B Lower Animas Pre-growing 82 (Farmington) Growing 23 Post-growing 91 C San Juan (Navajo Pre-growing 106 Nation) Water collected from irrigation Growing 97 All About Discovery! ™ ditches energized by A.) Animas New Mexico State University nmsu.edu River and B.) and C.) San Juan River Post-growing 1346
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Spatial distribution of Arsenic in agricultural fields Total Arsenic concentration (parts per million) RSL-7.07 mg kg -1 Forage (alfalfa) Vegetables Pasture grass 1.27 hectares 14.1 hectares 3.04 hectares All About Discovery! ™ Aztec Farmington Shiprock New Mexico State University nmsu.edu
Spatial distribution of Manganese in agricultural fields Total Manganese concentration (parts per million) RSL-180 mg kg -1 Pasture grass Forage (alfalfa) Vegetables 14.1 hectares 3.04 hectares 1.27 hectares All About Discovery! ™ Aztec Farmington Shiprock New Mexico State University nmsu.edu
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Livestock Consumption Livestock Consumption Human Consumption Human Consumption Alfalfa and Pasture Alfalfa and Pasture Fruits and Vegetables Fruits and Vegetables All About Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University nmsu.edu
Native Vegetation sampled from rainfed areas to compare with irrigated pasture, forage and vegetable fields All About Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University nmsu.edu
Metal concentrations in alfalfa (ppm) Comparison of irrigated alfalfa to non-irrigated native vegetation (control) Location-Animas and San Juan watershed Non-irrigated Metals Maximum limit Alfalfa vegetation (Control) Arsenic 1.7 1.0 1.2 Lead 10 0.4 ND Zinc 150 27.5 20.7 Aluminum 3410 111 44.5 Calcium - 19,300 (1.9%) 10,800 (1.1%) Copper 30 12.6 10.1 Iron - 147 40.5 Manganese 300 28.4 54.2 All About Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University Chromium 0.5-1.5 0.48 ND nmsu.edu
Metal concentrations in pasture grass (ppm) Comparison of irrigated pasture fields to non-irrigated native vegetation (control) Location-Upper and lower Animas Non-irrigated Maximum Metals Pasture grass vegetation limit (Control) Arsenic 1.70 1.0 1.2 Lead 10 0.6 ND Zinc 150 32.9 28.2 Aluminum 3410 300 40.3 Calcium - 5,800 (0.6%) 5,300 (0.5%) Copper 30 8.3 7.4 Iron - 252 194 Manganese 300 44 66 All About Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University Chromium 0.5 1.3 ND nmsu.edu
The tolerable upper intake level (UL) is the maximum usual All About Discovery! daily intake levels at which no risk of adverse health effects is ™ New Mexico State University expected for most of the individuals in a specific group based nmsu.edu on stage of life.
Chromium Chromium “There has been no demonstration of any toxicity so far in the clinical observations of the authors with the use of chromium nicotinate at levels as high as 5000 mcg/day (Lamson & Plaza, 2002).” 5000 mcg/day = [5 mg/day] “Chromium appears to be the only nutritional mineral with a several hundred-fold difference between the acceptable daily intake level and the calculated reference dose (Lamson & Plaza, 2002).” Lamson, D. W., & Plaza, S. M. (2002). The Safety and Efficacy of High-Dose Chromium. Alternative Medicine Review,7 (3). Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12126463. All About Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University nmsu.edu
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA): average daily All About Discovery! ™ level of intake sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements New Mexico State University nmsu.edu of nearly all (97%-98%) healthy people.
Nutrition Facts Label [FDA]. Retrieved from https://www.fda.gov/Food/Labeling Nutrition/ucm274593.htm All About Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University nmsu.edu
Equate Adults 50+ Complete Multivitamin Tablets All About Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University nmsu.edu
All About Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University nmsu.edu
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