5/30/2017 Mediterranean Sea • Rugged, Irregular Coastline‐great for Pick ONE. • Slides or Fill ins? trade & travel • Connects Europe, Asia, Africa Review Checkpoint #1 is today. I will be taking your folder. Europe Part 1 Review Irregular Coastline • An irregular coastline has multiple natural harbors along it. This feature has both positive and negative Europe effects. An example of a positive effect would be in the case of the British Islands which have natural harbors all along their coast. This feature allowed them to develop a strong Navy, trade and created a culturally Review diffuse population. A negative effect can be seen in the case of both North & South America, both of which have lots of natural harbors. This provided easy access to the land for Europeans who would explore and ultimately conquer both of the continents. We will finish Europe Part 1 Review. Please have all your review material (pg. 1‐5) on your desk for Progress Check #1. Smooth Coastline Europe Africa Review Irregular Coastline Sahel 1
5/30/2017 Sparta • Warrior society. Regular (Smooth) Coastline • • Monarchy with two kings. Regular coastlines have few to no natural harbors. This is a • Trade and travel not allowed. barrier effect with both positive and negative • Boys trained from early age for the military. consequences. Africa has a regular coastline. A positive • Girls physically fit to have healthy babies. effect of this was that it was difficult to invade Africa by • Women can own property. sea. A negative effect was that Sub‐Saharan Africa • Lie, Cheat and Steal , but don’t get caught. remained isolated from the rest of the world for many centuries. Ancient Greece Athens 1750‐133 B.C.E. • Pericles‐wise ruler Geography • Mountainous • Direct democracy‐ free men voted and took • Isolated valleys part in government. • Small islands • Education for boys only. • Prevented Greeks from • Traded with other city‐states. building a large, unified empire. • Loved the arts, philosophy, science, etc… • City‐states were formed. • Women were inferior We are like frogs who live on the side of a pond… The Rise of Greek City‐States Athens & Sparta • Polis‐ A Greek city‐state with two parts: • Common Greek language. • Hilltop acropolis with marble temples to the • Shared heroes. gods and the main city, within the wall. • Olympic games. • This area includes the marketplace, theater, • Same gods. public areas and homes. 2
5/30/2017 Alexander the Great and the Rome Hellenistic Age Geography • Great conqueror who built an empire from • Rome is located near the center of Italy. Greece, Egypt, Persia and India (PIGE). • Italy is a peninsula located in the • Spread Greek culture and a new Hellenistic Mediterranean. culture arose that blended Greek, Egyptian, • Italy’s geography helped its people unite. Persian and Indian life. • The low Apennine Mountains were not a natural barrier. • Fertile plains helped increase the population. Rome Greek & Hellenistic Contributions ~509 B.C.E. – 476 C.E. • Philosophers: “Lovers of Wisdom” • The Romans established a new form of government called a Republic, officials chosen • Olympics by the people. • Homer wrote The Iliad and The Odyssey • The Senate was a powerful governing body. • Pythagorean Theory & Geometry • Veto • Hippocratic Oath for doctors • Senators were members of the landholding • Parthenon upper class called patricians. • Columns • The plebeians‐ farmers, merchants, artisans and traders‐ had little power. Greek Philosophers (SPA) Senate Socrates Plato Aristotle Developed Socratic Believed government Believed one strong m ethod: learning should control lives and good leader about beliefs and ideas of people should rule by asking questions . Divided society into three classes: Governm ent put Believed people workers, him to death for learned through philosophers, and his beliefs- hemlock! reason soldiers 3
5/30/2017 Rome Expands Roman Contributions • Rome conquered Italy, Carthage, Macedonia, • Latin language Greece and parts of Asia Minor. • Roads‐ to help soldiers unify the empire . • Corruption led to civil wars. Julius Caesar • Aqueducts‐ carried water from the hills to the came to power in 48 B.C.E. and made new cities. conquests and reforms. He was killed on the • Archways and domes. “Ides of March” by the Senators for trying to take away their power. Roman Empire Reasons for the Fall of Rome • Augustus Caesar ruled with absolute power • Military Causes‐ Germanic invaders from the and ended the Roman Republic. north‐Attila the Hun • Pax Romana‐ Roman Peace for 200 years. • Economic Causes‐Heavy taxes, slave labor. • Political Causes‐ Corrupt officials & weak, divided Empire. • Social Causes‐ Population decline due to disease and war, lazy and selfish people . • Bread and Circuses Roman Contributions Byzantine Empire • Law‐ system of laws that applied to all people. • As the western half of the Roman Empire Innocent until proven guilty and equality declined, the eastern half was strong for under the law. another 1,000 years • Laws of the Twelve Tables‐ inscribed Roman • Emperor Constantine built a new capital in laws on 12 tablets & displayed in the Constantinople, a peninsula. Its central marketplace…. Give plebeians more rights. location became a key trading route to link Europe and Asia. 4
5/30/2017 Justinian’s Code of Law Russia & Eastern Europe • Emperor Justinian had a team of scholars • The Byzantines influenced Russia & Eastern gather and organize the ancient laws of Europe: Rome. • Cyrillic Alphabet • By the 1,100’s, the Law Code had reached • Russian Orthodox Church Western Europe, where it became the basis of • Autocratic Ruler = Czar / Tsar (Caesar) law for the Roman Catholic Church and • Onion Dome Architecture medieval rulers, and international law today. Medieval Europe Byzantine Contributions ~500 – 1,400 C.E. • The Germanic people who invaded the Roman empire were warriors, farmers and herders. • Hagia Sophia‐ church of “Holy Wisdom” • The Franks emerged as the most powerful • Mosaics ‐ pictures or designs formed by small warrior tribes in Gaul, or present‐day France. pieces of stone. • During the 800’s, Charlemagne, a Frankish • Eastern Orthodox Church‐ formed due to the king, built an empire that stretched from schism (permanent split) with the R.C.C. France, Germany and part of Italy. • Cyrillic Alphabet • Onion dome architecture The Fall of the Byzantine Empire Charlemagne • In 1453, the Ottoman’s captured • Charles the Great Constantinople and overthrew the Byzantine • Crowned the Holy Roman Emperor by the Empire. Pope of the R.C.C. • The Ottoman’s changed the city’s name to • Bright Light in a Dark Age Istanbul and made it the capital of their • Set up schools and libraries Muslim empire. • Empire fell apart when he died. 5
5/30/2017 Feudalism & Medieval Society The Roman Catholic Church • During the early part of the Middle Ages, kings • During the Middle Ages, the R.C.C. had two were too weak to keep invaders out of their roles, secular (worldly) and religious. kingdoms. • The Church was the largest landholder in • People began to leave towns and band Europe and gained wealth through tithe (10% together in the countryside for protection and of income tax). It had a court system and survival. could excommunicate (kick out) anyone from the R.C.C. (even Kings!) • Everyone had a well‐defined place in society that they were born in to. Feudalism Jews in Medieval Europe • A loosely structured political system in which • Many Jewish communities existed throughout powerful lords (nobles) owned large sections of Europe (diaspora). Most Christians land. persecuted Jews. • They divided their land into estates called fiefs, • The Church barred Jews from owning land, which were given to lesser lords called vassals. blamed the Jews for the death of Jesus, • Vassals pledged their loyalty and military support disease, etc. until the Jews became the to their lords in return for land. scapegoats for all misfortune. • Knights, or mounted warriors, were bound by a code of chivalry. • Anti‐Semitism‐ prejudice against Jews. Manorialism Gothic Architecture • Economic system based on the lord’s manor, • Pointed arches and flying buttresses , stone or estate. They are self‐sufficient and supports that stood outside the cathedral. everyone knew their place and • Huge stained glass windows with Bible stories responsibilities. for the illiterate people. • Serf, or peasants , were bound to the land. 6
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