Mechanical Biological Treatment as a Solution for Mitigating - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Mechanical Biological Treatment as a Solution for Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Landfills in Thailand S.N.M.Menikpura, Janya SANG-ARUN and Magnus Bengtsson Sustainable Consumption and Production (SCP) Group Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES), Japan. ISWA world congress, 17-19 September 2012, Florence, Italy

Content Introduction: Situation of Waste Management in Thailand and Phitsanulok Municipality Objectives of the study Methodology : Concept of LCA for quantification of GHG Results and Discussion - GHG emissions from different phases of life cycle of MBT - GHG emissions from business as usual practices Conclusions 2

Introduction General Background of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Management in Thailand •In 2011 the volume of garbage in Thailand was approximately 43,800 tonnes per day •More than 20% of the country’s generated waste is occurred in Bangkok Metropolitan Area •In 2011, 26% generated waste is separated and sent to recycling centers •Annually waste generation is increased 0.2 million tonnes due to population growth, economic development and tourism expansion •Open dumping and sanitary landfilling without gas recovery are the two predominant waste disposal methods in Thailand; 53% open dumping and 47% sanitary landfill •The current methods of waste disposal have caused negative effects on environmental degradation, economic losses and social burdens 2

Existing Waste Management in Phitsanulok Municipality Study Location: Phitsanulok Municipality Area : 18.26 km² Location: 390 km from north of Bangkok Registered population: 78,000 residents as of December 2010 Non-registered residents: 50,000-100,000 The total number of households: 32,000 1996: beginning of the 2010: Initiation of 2005: Initiation of Mechanical 1999: Initiation of improvements of waste pyrolysis plant Biological Treatment (MBT) plant sanitary landfill site management Millstone towards Zero Waste City – Phitsanulok Municipality 1998: Sellable material 2002: Initiation of 2006: Hazardous waste sorting campaigns transfer station management

Existing Waste Management in Phitsanulok Municipality Waste generation In 2011, total waste generation is 78 Sellable material sorting campaigns tonnes/day Waste management process Transfer Station - waste is Waste Collection - by compactor MBT plant re-loaded to heavy-duty trucks trucks 30% of vehicles- Natural gas vehicle

Existing Waste Management in Phitsanulok Municipality Mechanical Biological Treatment Plant MBT plant in Phitsanulok Municipality is one of the biggest pilot-scale plants in developing • countries Running capacity: 100 tonnes/day (22 tonnes MSW receive from other neighbouring • municipalities Objectives of commencement of this plant: minimize the waste volume, minimize the GHGs • emissions (methane) from the landfill, separate valuable materials homogenisation, Sieving and separation of compost-like materials and plastic piling, aeration waste 50 % mass loss during degradation Period for biological stabilisation and degradation – 9 months 37% Inert

Rational and objectives of the study • GHG emissions from waste management activities and their contribution to global warming and climate change is a serious environmental concerns • Moving towards biological treatment methods would be the most appropriate way to reduce the GHG emissions from waste sector • This study assessed the GHG mitigation potential of MBT as compared to the “business as usual” practices from a life cycle perspective CH 4 CH 4 CH 4 Business as usual practice MBT

Methodology Development of Life Cycle Framework for Estimating GHG Emissions • Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a useful methodology for estimating the possible mitigation options of environment impacts • LCA framework designed considering all the phases of MBT process • Inventory analysis was performed to account fossil fuel and electricity consumption, recovery of materials from waste treatment • The functional unit for the assessment was defined as “management of one tonne of waste received at the MBT plant

Quantification of Life Cycle GHG Emissions from MBT Mathematical formulas were derived to quantify GHG emission from different phases by using the theoretical concepts explained in IPCC 2006 guidelines Activity/life cycle phase Mathematical formula to quantify GHG emissions I - GHG emissions from waste transportation ∑ Emission of CO 2 , CH 4 , = × × E ( Fuel EF GWP ) Transporta tion j j N 2 O owing to fossil fuel j combustion a E Transportation –GHG Emissions from transportation (kg CO 2 -eq/tonne of collected waste) Fuel – Amount of fuel used (MJ/tonne of collected waste) EF j – Emission Factor of type j GHG (kg/TJ) GWP j – Global Warming Potential of type j GHG (kg CO 2 -eq/kg of j th emission) II - GHG emissions from operational and maintenance activities of MBT Emission of CO 2 , CH 4 , = ∑ ∑ × + × × × E ( EC EF ) ( FC NCV EF GWP ) N 2 O owing to fossil fuel Operation i el i FF i . j j combustion for operating i i . j machines. E Operation –Emissions from operational activities (kg CO 2 /tonne of treated waste) i - i th operational activity (e.g. Homogenizations, piling, turning, dissembling of piles ) Emission of GHG owing ECi - Electricity consumption apportioned to the activity type i (MWh/tonne of treated waste) to grid electricity EF el - Emission factor for grid electricity generation (kg CO 2- eq/MWh) production with respect FC i - Fuel consumption apportioned to the activity type i (mass or volume/tonne of treated waste) to the electricity NCV FF - Net calorific value of the fossil fuel consumed (TJ/unit mass or volume) consumption for machine operations EF j.i- Emission factor of a j th GHG by activity type i (kg of GHG/TJ) GWP j – Global Warming Potential of type j GHG (kg CO 2 -eq/kg of j th emission)

Quantification of Life Cycle GHG Emissions from MBT Activity/life cycle phase Mathematical formula to quantify GHG emissions III - GHG emissions from waste degradation in waste piles = × + × Emission of CH 4 and E ( E GWP E GWP ) Treatment CH 4 CH 4 N 2 O N 2 O N 2 O from the biological degradation of organic E Treatment – Emissions from treatment of organic waste (kg CO 2 /tonne of organic waste) waste b E CH4 - Emission of CH 4 during waste degradation (kg of CH 4 /tonne of organic waste) GWP CH4 - Global warming potential of CH 4 (21 kg CO 2 /kg of CH 4 ) E N2O - Emission of N 2 O during waste degradation (kg of N 2 O/tonne of organic waste) GWP N2O - Global warming potential of N 2 O (310 kg CO 2 /kg of N 2 O) IV – Life cycle GHG emission from MBT After quantification GHG GHG Total = E Transportations + E Operations + E Treatment emission from above three phases, life cycle GHG emissions from MBT estimated GHG emission from “business as usual” practices GHG emissions from open dumping and sanitary landfilling (without gas recovery) were • quantified using the IPCC 2006 waste model The required default values for derived considering waste characteristics, climatic • conditions, as well as the situation of disposal sites in Phitsanulok Emissions Reduction Emission Reduction = Baseline emissions – Project emissions

Results and Discussion Phase I - GHG emissions from waste transportation Type of GHG Description Unit CO 2 CH 4 N 2 O kg of emission/tonne of waste Emissions from combustion of 5.84L of diesel 19.80 0.0006 0.0001 kg of emission /tonne of waste Emissions from combustion of 3.04 kg of CNG 6.48 0.0001 Negligible kg of emission /tonne of waste Total emissions during waste transportation 26.30 0.0007 0.0001 kg of CO 2 -eq/kg of GHG emission Conversion factor into CO 2 -eq 1 25 298 kg CO 2 -eq/tonne of waste Contribution of each GHG 26.27 0.019 0.042 Total GHG emissions from waste kg CO 2 -eq/tonne of waste 26.33 transportation Phase II - GHG emissions from the operation of the MBT facility Description Unit Value Diesel consumption for operational activities L/tonne of waste 3.38 Heating value of diesel MJ/L 36.42 Total energy required for operational activities MJ/tonne of waste 123.09 Default CO 2 emission factor from diesel combustion kg CO 2 /TJ 74100.00 GHG emissions from combustion of diesel kg CO 2 -eq / tonne of waste 9.12 Electricity consumption for operational activities kWh/tonne of waste 0.20 GHG emissions in grid electricity production in Thailand kg of CO 2 -eq/MWh 566.00 GHG emissions due to electricity consumption kg of CO 2 -eq/tonne of waste 0.11 Total GHG emissions from operational activities kg of CO 2 -eq /tonne of waste 9.23