MOL2NET, 2017 , 3, doi:10.3390/m 1 10.3390/mol2net-03-xxxx MOL2NET ET, International Conference Series on Multidisc idisciplinary Sciences MDPI http://sciforum.net/conference/mol2net- 2net-03 Bioenergy rgy: A Sustainable Energy opti option S Krishna Sundari ari (krishna.sundari@jiit.ac.in) *, Saloni S i Sachdeva (salonisachdeva02@gmail.co l.com), Prakhar Agarwal (aprakhar50@g gmail.com), Sakshi Awasth asthi (sakshi2008awasthi@gmail.com) Department of Biotechnology, Jay , Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, A-10, Se , A-10, Sector:62, NOIDA, 201309, U.P, India Graphical Abstract Abstract. Bioenergy is the renew newable and sustainable source of energy produce oduced from organic matter. The challenge of depl depleting non-renewable resources can be addresse ddressed by exploiting the capability of biotic systems to produce bioenergy.The study talks lks about switching from first generation biofuels ls produced from sugars and seed oils to fourth g h generation biofuel that involves metabolically eng engineered plants. Recent developments in molecul cular biology techniques have provided valuabl uable tools that could effectively optimize and nd control the processes involved in bioenergy pr production in the near future. Production of biof biofuels employing fungi that have high potential ntial for bioconversion of lignocellulosic materials ls abundant in nature can also be an effective ve means. Synthesis of nanostructures using fung fungi that can serve as super capacitors would ould be a solution to the problem of storage of bioe bioenergy. The paper also discusses the role of bac acteria in Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC). General bioc biochemistry involved in MFC is also presented. d. Possible limitations or shortcomings are also ide identified and importance of identifying newer appr pproaches is stressed upon in order to match the futur uture demands. Keywords Bioenergy, Biofuels, Microbial Fue Fuel Cell Introduction metabolic activities of livi living organisms [1]. The Bioenergy is the energy produced oduced by means of challenge of depleting non non-renewable resources living systems, involving whole c e cells, enzymes can be addressed by expl ploiting the capability of produced by specific microbes obes or through biotic systems to produc oduce bioenergy. Under
MOL2NET, 2017 , 3, doi:10.3390/mol2net-03-xxxx 2 favorable conditions substantial growth for by fungi captivates high application rate. bioenergy production is possible over the next 20 Industrial wastes that mainly contain effluent years. Bioenergy potential from biomass residues with lots of carbohydrates can well serve as a and energy crops is estimated to range between substrate for microbial growth and hence can be 4.4 - 24 EJ by 2030 in EU [2]. Over the coming the principle component of Microbial Fuel Cells decades, supply of sustainable energy in (MFC), another effective way of bioenergy adequate amount would be one of the main generation. Moreover, these MFC’s helps in challenges that mankind will face, particularly reducing COD (chemical oxygen demand) by because of the need to address climate change. 80% and thus can also aid in reducing pollution Environmental concerns and the depletion of oil due to putrification of biomass. Table1 presents reserves have also resulted in governmental different stages through which biomass actions and incentives to establish greater energy associated bioenergy production has evolved. independence and promotion of research on Crop biotechnology and plant genetic environmentally friendly & sustainable biofuels engineering has the potential to optimize biomass such as bioethanol and biodiesel. productivity in favor of energy crops. This aspect has been implemented in the fourth Agriculture and industry are the driving forces of generation energy crops. These modified crops the Indian economy. However, both agriculture have resulted in enhanced biomass conversion and Industry produce large amounts of waste that into biofuels [4]. Biologists are using genetic causes significant pollution in the environment. engineering to overcome two major difficulties Microbes, specifically fungi and bacteria, can that hinders the conversion of lignocellulose into serve a dual purpose in treating these organic fuels: higher requirement of cellulases which wastes while providing us bioenergy [3]. adds to the processing cost and the limited ability Production of biofuel through fungal action upon of the microbes to ferment the breakdown lignocellulosic materials holds high products which affects the process and product biotechnological value. The low-cost remediation quality. Table1. Different stages of evolution in biomass associated bioenergy production Generation Feedstock and Advantages Disadvantages technology 1 st generation Starch, sugar and Use of renewable sources Food ethics issues, blended biofuel seed oil with conventional fuel 2 nd generatio Lignocellulosic Not competing with food, High energy input, high n biofuel material from environment friendly cost bio fuel grasses and trees 3 rd generation Use of microalgae Higher energy yield, Capital and operating costs biofuel because of high lower requirement for rapid growth fertilizer and land 4 th generation Metabolically Carbon negative fuel due High research and biofuel engineered plants to carbon capture investment at primary stage and algae
MOL2NET, 2017 , 3, doi:10.3390/mol2net-03-xxxx 3 Fungi as source of Bioenergy substrate by two consecutive one-electron Accumulation of lignocellulosic residues from oxidation steps with intermediate cation radical woods, grass, agricultural, forestry waste and formation, the laccasees have broad substrate municipal solid wastes in large quantities results specificity and oxidise phenols and lignin not only in deterioration of environment but also substructures with the formation of oxygen in loss of possible utilization, especially in bio- radicals [6]. Biodegradation of lignocellulosic energy generation [5]. Bioconversion of wastes has several uses including its use as raw lignocellulosic residues to useful, higher price material for ethanol production, paper products commonly needs multi-step processes manufacturing, compost making for cultivation that include: (1) Biological pretreatment (2) of edible mushroom, and even as direct animal hydrolysis of polymers to supply readily feed [6]. Ethanol as biofuel would cut back gas metabolizable molecules (hexose, simple sugars); emissions and improves air quality while (3) Use of these molecules to support microbial providing strategic economic benefits. Ethanol is growth or to supply chemical products; and (4) currently used as blended fuel in petrol engines. Separation and purification. Numerous life forms According to recent research, fungi can be used degrade and utilize cellulose and hemicellulose as templates for the synthesis of nanostructures as carbon and energy source. The structural with potential applications in biosensors, complexity of lignin, its high relative molecular batteries and super capacitors. Supercapacitors mass, and its insolubility make its degradation are currently considered promising energy very difficult. However, filamentous fungi storage systems. Supercapacitors store energy in belonging primarily to the basidiomycetous the electric field generated at the interface group have an ability to degrade or modify between a metal electrode and an electrolyte. lignin, the most obstinate part of the plant cell Fungal cell wall is considered as two-phase wall. There are several advantages utilizing fungi system consisting of a chitin skeleton framework including higher capacity to degrade embedded in an amorphous polysaccharide lignocellulosic material due to their proficient matrix [7]. Fungal cell walls can act as cation enzymatic framework and their applicability as exchangers due to the different functional groups low cost bioremediation ventures [5]. Fungi have (e.g., carboxylic, phosphate, amine or sulfhydryl) two types of extracellular enzymatic systems: the present. Fungal cells have walls that mainly hydrolytic system responsible for degrading contain chitin which becomes a rich source for polysaccharides and the oxidative ligninolytic metal binding ligands. NiO microtubes were system, which degrades or modifies lignin. The synthesized using the fungus most efficient and widely studied white-rot C.cladosporioides as a biotemplate, exhibiting organism capable of degrading polysaccharides pseudo-capacitive properties with high and lignin simultaneously is P. chrysosporium . capacitance, long cycle life and good coulombic Efficient hydrolysis of polysaccharides requires efficiency [8]. Such technologies can further the action of three enzymes: 1. endo-glucanases empower wider storage and utilization of to cleave random inter monomer bonds; 2. bioenergy. exoglucanases to remove mono and dimers at the end of the glucose ch ain; and 3. β -glucosidase, Bacteria as source of Bioenergy hydrolyzing the glucose dimer. The lignolytic system includes phenol oxidases (lignin Microbial fuel cells (MFC) are a sustainable peroxidase (LiP), manganese peroxidase (MnP)) source of energy. They employ micro-organisms and laccasees. While LiP and MnP oxidize the to generate electricity from the energy produced
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