Lo Local Communities: Th The fir first lin line of f defense in - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Lo Local Communities: Th The fir first lin line of f defense in in combatting ill illegal wildlife tr trade SAVE WILDLIFE: Act Now or Game Over IUCN CEESP/SSC SULi, IUCN/SSC AfESG, IUCN ESARO & IIED

CU CURRENT RESP SPONSES: S: WHAT IS IS STIL TILL MISSIN ISSING? Law enforcement Reducing along the entire demand for value chain for illegal products Supporting communities and livelihoods

Steadily growing political momentum African Elephant Summit Engage communities living with elephants as active partners (2013) in their conservation London Declaration Increase capacity of local communities to pursue sustainable (2014) livelihood opportunities and eradicate poverty Work with, and include local communities in, establishing monitoring and law enforcement networks in areas surrounding wildlife Kasane Declaration Promote the retention of benefits from wildlife resources by (2015) local people where they have traditional and/or legal rights over these resources. We will strengthen policy and legislative frameworks needed to achieve this, reinforce the voice of local people as key stakeholders and implement measures which balance the need to tackle the illegal wildlife trade with the needs of communities, including the sustainable use of wildlife.

…. continues Brazzaville Declaration Recognize the rights and increase the participation of (2015) indigenous peoples and local communities in the planning, management and use of wildlife through sustainable use and alternative livelihoods and strengthen their ability to combat wildlife crime. UN General Assembly Strongly encourages Member States to support, including adopted Resolution 69/314 through bilateral cooperation, the development of on Tackling Illicit Trafficking sustainable and alternative livelihoods for communities In Wildlife (2015) affected by illicit trafficking in wildlife and its adverse impacts, with the full engagement of the communities in and adjacent to wildlife habitats as active partners in conservation and sustainable use, enhancing the rights and capacity of the members of such communities to manage and benefit from wildlife and wilderness ; … Sustainable Development …in Target 15.7 to end IWT and in Target 15.c which Goal 15 (2015) emphasises the need to do this through “ increasing the capacity of local communities to pursue sustainable livelihood opportunities ”

A SOLID POLIC ICY PLATF TFORM BUT HOW CAN WE DELIVER IT ON THE GROUND? African Elephant Summit (2013) London Declaration (2014) Kasane Declaration (2015) Brazzaville Declaration (2015) UNGA Resolution 69/314 SDG Target 15.c ENGAGEMENT OF LOCAL COMMUNITIES IN COMBATTING IWT

Beyond Enforcement Symposium (F (February ry 20 2015 15) • over 70 researchers, practitioners, community representatives • 5 continents

Ruvuma Ele lephant Project, Tanzania

Hig ighli lights Poaching context High levels of elephant poaching and declining population How are communities involved As village game scouts in tackling wildlife crime? As informants By stopping their own illegal killing of elephants What incentives do they Financial and non-financial rewards for activities as receive? scouts and informants Effective human-elephant conflict programme Income generating opportunities What has been the impact on Poaching declined to the extent that elephant wildlife crime? population now stable Elephants killed as a result of HWC declined from av 11 p.a to 4 p.a.

Old lderkesi Wil ildlife Conserv rvancy, Kenya Cottar’s Safari Services Last millennium ( 1930’s) Current millennium (2015)

Hig ighli lights Poaching context Background but continuous threat of poaching of all species for meat and other commodities How are communities involved As game guards and informants in tackling wildlife crime? What incentives do they Performance-based lease payments for land under receive? conservation (payments reduced for poaching incidences or livestock incursions) Additional rewards for information leading to capture of poachers or location of guns and ivory What has been the impact on A bit early to tell but an apparent rise in overall wildlife crime? wildlife numbers on the conservancy land.

DEVELOPING A TH THEORY OF CHANGE ULTIMATE IMPACT : Decreased pressure on wildlife from illegal wildlife trade PRIMARY OUTCOMES : • Reduced poaching from inside the community • Reduced poaching from outside the community

IMPACT Reduced poaching from outside of Reduced poaching by community community Stronger action against poachers Stronger action against poachers from outside community from within the community OUTCOMES More empowered communities create positive pressure, drawing people away from illegal or corrupt Communities less Increased incentive to activities, particularly dependant on IWT as a protect wildlife unemployed youth source of revenue Stronger action becomes Decreased incentive to possible against poachers tacitly or actively support poaching it Decreased antagonism Communities value wildlife toward wildlife more Stronger collaboration Communities are more empowered to manage and Better trained and better between local OUTPUTS benefit from wildlife equipped local rangers community and rangers and community guards and other enforcement Costs to communities Communities can More empowered agencies imposed by presence of mitigate conflict communities have a greater wildlife are reduced better diversity of livelihood options Communities perceive and receive financial and non- financial benefits (e.g. meat, pride, sense of ownership) Communities perceive non-financial benefits from from wildlife – e.g. wildlife – e.g. pride, sense of ownership ACTIVITIES Deve velop op exis istin ing or nove vel l Strengthen community y engagement Start activi ivities to gene nerate Bui uild ld communit ity y capa pacit ity y to Bui uild ld capa pacity y for live velihoods oods Decrease hum uman-wil ildlif ife confli nflict live velihood ods whic ich are in n enfor nforcement Fina inancial l bene nefi fits from om wildl ldlife fe benefit it from om wild ldli life fe alt lternativ ive to wild ldli life fe alt lternativ ive to wild ldli life fe Strengthen Enabling Conditions Sup uppor ort ins nstitution onal ENABLING Increase perceive ived fair irness Fight corrup uption ion and nd strengthen Strengthen laws ws for framewor ork k to enfor force Bui uild ld communit ity y capa pacit ity of wild ldli life fe laws ws gove vernance com ommunity y mana nagement of ACTIONS against IWT and nd bene nefi fit from om wild ldlif ife D. D. Su Supporting non wildlife- C. C. De Decreasing costs of living related livelihoods/e /economi mic A. St A. Strengthening disincentives with wildlife (reduce incentive developme ment (De De-coupling B. Increasing incentives for B. for illegal behaviour stewardship for illegal behaviour) people from m wildlife)

MAIN IN STR TRUCTURE OF THE THEORY OF CHANGE ULTIMATE IMPACT : Decreased pressure on wildlife from illegal wildlife trade PRIMARY OUTCOMES : • Reduced poaching from inside the community • Reduced poaching from outside the community 4 MAIN PATHWAYS : • Strengthening disincentives for illegal behaviour • Increasing incentives for stewardship • Decreasing the costs of living with wildlife • Supporting alternative, non-wildlife based livelihoods/economic development

STRENGTHENING ENABLING ACT CTIONS • Pathway • Pathway A B Support Strengthen institutional laws for framework to community enforce management against IWT and benefits Fight Building corruption and community strengthen skills and governance capacity • Pathway • Pathway C D

STR TRENGTHENING ENABLING ACT CTIO IONS Pathway B: Increasing incentives for stewardship • Pathway • Pathway A B Support Strengthen institutional laws for framework to community enforce management against IWT and benefits Strengthen laws for community management and benefits Fight Building corruption and community strengthen skills and governance capacity • Pathway • Pathway C D

TE TESTING ASSUMPTIONS • Pathway • Pathway A B State-led Benefits enforcement accompanied by agents are accountability willing to work and shared constructively equitably with local communities Compensation Illegal wildlife levels set by products are not government are so valuable that sufficient to income from IWT placate the dwarfs that from individuals other activities sustaining the • Pathway • Pathway losses C D

TE TESTI TING ASSUMPTI TIONS Pathway B: Increasing incentives for stewardship • Pathway • Pathway A B State-led Benefits enforcement accompanied by agents are accountability willing to work and shared constructively equitably with local Benefits must be accompanied by communities accountability and shared equitably Compensation Illegal wildlife levels set by products are not government are so valuable that sufficient to income from IWT placate the dwarfs that from individuals other activities sustaining the • Pathway • Pathway losses C D

CONSULTATION • Aim was to support the need for a conceptual framework to guide thinking about how and where community-level interventions can help combat IWT • Prepared a Discussion Paper – received excellent feedback • Prepared a final Briefing document www.pubs.iied.org/17348IIED.html