Living in a Parallel World: mirror dark matter, dark gravity, etc. Zurab Berezhiani Università di L ’Aquila and LNGS Gran Sasso, Italy Dark Matter Connection .... , GGI, Florence, 16-20 May 2010 Dark Side as parallel sector, etc ... - p. 1/45
Parallel gauge sectors Imagine a theory with a product of gauge factors G × G ′ × G ′′ .... G = G SM = SU (3) × SU (2) × U (1) for observable sector: electron, nucleons (quarks), neutrinos, photon, gluons, W ± Z , Higgs ● Parallel sector ( + RH neutrinos, SUSY, GUT, ...) ● Present Cosmology ● Visible vs. Dark matter ... long range EM forces, compositeness scale Λ QCD , weak scale M W ● B vs. D – Fine Tuning demonstration ... existence of matter (CP-violation, B-conserv/violation) ● Unification ● Carrol’s Alice... .... existence of nuclei, atoms, molecules .... life.... Homo Sapiens ... ● Mirror World ● Mirror Particles ...... very complex !! ..... ● VM and DM ● Interactions Dark matter may come from other gauge factors G ′ , ... ● B & L violation ● Neutrino Mixing – perhaps its gauge and matter structure is not simple ad hoc ? ● BBN demands ● See-Saw What if Dark sector is as complex as observable .... parallel world ● Leptogenesis: diagrams ● Boltzmann Eqs. (mirror world as particular case), and parallel (twin) matter: ● Leptogenesis: formulas electron ′ , nucleons ′ (quarks ′ ), photons ′ , W ′ , Z ′ , gluons ′ , Λ ′ ● Neutron mixing QCD etc. ● Epochs ● CMB We discuss parallel/mirror gauge sectors: ● LSS ● VM and DM • Baryogenesis ( Ω B ′ ∼ 5Ω B ) ● DAMA • Nucleosynthesis ( Y He ′ > Y H ′ , or perhaps no He ′ at all...) ● DM and DAMA ● DM and DAMA ● Foot • recombination, dark matter and cosmological structures .... ● DM and DAMA ● Mirror gravity • dark matter search ... and dark matter with dark gravity ● Mirror gravity ● Mirror gravity • ordinary particle - mirror particle oscillations ● Neutron mixing ● Experiment ● Neutron mixing Dark Matter Connection .... , GGI, Florence, 16-20 May 2010 Dark Side as parallel sector, etc ... - p. 2/45 ● Oscillation ● Probabilities
Cosmic Coincidence & Fine Tuning Problems Todays Universe is flat ( Ω tot ≈ 1 ) and multi-component: ■ Ω B ≃ 0 . 04 observable matter – Baryons ! ● Parallel sector ● Present Cosmology ■ Ω D ≃ 0 . 20 dark matter: – WIMPS? Axions? .... ● Visible vs. Dark matter ● B vs. D – Fine Tuning ■ Ω Λ ≃ 0 . 75 demonstration dark energy: – Λ -term? 5th-essence? .... ● Unification ● Carrol’s Alice... ● Mirror World ● Mirror Particles A. coincidence of matter Ω M = Ω D + Ω B and dark energy Ω Λ : Ω M / Ω Λ ≃ 0 . 3 ● VM and DM ● Interactions ρ M ∼ a − 3 ; ... ρ Λ ∼ Const., ρ M /ρ Λ ∼ 1 why – just Today? ● B & L violation ● Neutrino Mixing Antrophic answer: if not Today, then it could be Yesterday or Tomorrow ... ● BBN demands ● See-Saw ● Leptogenesis: diagrams B. Fine Tuning between visible Ω B and dark Ω D matter: Ω B / Ω D ≃ 0 . 2 ● Boltzmann Eqs. ● Leptogenesis: formulas ... ρ B ∼ a − 3 , ρ D ∼ a − 3 ; ● Neutron mixing why ρ B /ρ D ∼ 1 – Yesterday Today & Tomorrow? ● Epochs ● CMB – Difficult question ... popular models for primordial Baryogenesis ● LSS ● VM and DM (GUT-B, Lepto-B, Spont. B, Affleck-Dine B, EW B, ...) have no feeling for ● DAMA ● DM and DAMA popular DM candidates (Wimp, Wimpzilla, axion, axino, gravitino ...) ● DM and DAMA ● Foot ● DM and DAMA – How Baryon Asymmetry could knew about Dark Matter? – again anthropic ● Mirror gravity ● Mirror gravity (landscaped) Fine Tunings in Particle Physics and Cosmology? Just for our good? ● Mirror gravity ● Neutron mixing ● Experiment ● Neutron mixing Dark Matter Connection .... , GGI, Florence, 16-20 May 2010 Dark Side as parallel sector, etc ... - p. 3/45 ● Oscillation ● Probabilities
Visible vs. Dark matter • Visible matter: ρ B = n B M B , M B ≃ 1 GeV – nucleons, η = n B /n γ ∼ 10 − 9 B ( B − L ) & CP violation, Out-of-Equilibrium Sakharov’s conditions: ● Parallel sector ● Present Cosmology ● Visible vs. Dark matter – in Baryogenesis models η depends on several factors, like CP-violating ● B vs. D – Fine Tuning constants, particle degrees of freedom, mass scales, particle interaction demonstration ● Unification ● Carrol’s Alice... strength and goodness of out-of-equilibrium.... and in some models (e.g. ● Mirror World Affleck-Dine) on the initial conditions as well ... ● Mirror Particles ● VM and DM ● Interactions • Dark matter: ρ D = n X M X , but M X = ? , n X = ? ● B & L violation ● Neutrino Mixing ● BBN demands – too wide spectrum of possibilities ... ● See-Saw Axion: M X ∼ 10 − 5 eV; Wimp: M X ∼ 1 TeV; Wimpzilla: M X ∼ 10 14 GeV ... ● Leptogenesis: diagrams ● Boltzmann Eqs. ● Leptogenesis: formulas – in relative models n X depends on varios factors, like equilibrium status and ● Neutron mixing ● Epochs particle degrees of freedom, particle masses and interaction strength ● CMB ● LSS (production and annihilation cross sections).... and in some models (e.g. ● VM and DM Axion or Wimpzilla) on the initial conditions as well ... ● DAMA ● DM and DAMA ● DM and DAMA How then the mechanisms of Baryogenesis and Dark Matter synthesis, having ● Foot ● DM and DAMA different particle physics and corresponding to different epochs, could know about ● Mirror gravity ● Mirror gravity each-other? – How ρ B = n B M B could match ρ X = n X M X so intimately? ● Mirror gravity ● Neutron mixing ● Experiment ● Neutron mixing Dark Matter Connection .... , GGI, Florence, 16-20 May 2010 Dark Side as parallel sector, etc ... - p. 4/45 ● Oscillation ● Probabilities
B vs. D – Fine Tuning demonstration ● Parallel sector 40 B � genesis � Ε CP ... � ● Present Cosmology ● Visible vs. Dark matter ● B vs. D – Fine Tuning Ρ B demonstration 20 ● Unification DM � freezing � Σ ann ... � ● Carrol’s Alice... ● Mirror World Log � Ρ � GeV 4 � ● Mirror Particles 0 ● VM and DM ● Interactions Ρ DM Ρ rad � a � 4 ● B & L violation ● Neutrino Mixing -20 ● BBN demands ● See-Saw ● Leptogenesis: diagrams M � R Ρ mat � a � 3 ● Boltzmann Eqs. -40 ● Leptogenesis: formulas Ρ � ● Neutron mixing ● Epochs ● CMB -60 Today ● LSS ● VM and DM -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 ● DAMA Log � a � a 0 � ● DM and DAMA ● DM and DAMA ● Foot Evolution of the Baryon number ( ··· ) in e.g. Leptogenesis scenario confronted to ● DM and DAMA ● Mirror gravity the evolution of the Dark Matter density ( — ) in the scenarios of WIMP (left pannel ) ● Mirror gravity ● Mirror gravity and Axion (right pannel) ● Neutron mixing ● Experiment ● Neutron mixing Dark Matter Connection .... , GGI, Florence, 16-20 May 2010 Dark Side as parallel sector, etc ... - p. 5/45 ● Oscillation ● Probabilities
Unified origin of B and D? Both fractions at one shoot? ● Parallel sector 40 B � genesis � Ε CP ... � ● Present Cosmology ● Visible vs. Dark matter ● B vs. D – Fine Tuning Ρ B demonstration 20 ● Unification ● Carrol’s Alice... ● Mirror World Log � Ρ � GeV 4 � ● Mirror Particles 0 ● VM and DM ● Interactions Ρ DM Ρ rad � a � 4 ● B & L violation ● Neutrino Mixing -20 ● BBN demands ● See-Saw ● Leptogenesis: diagrams M � R Ρ mat � a � 3 ● Boltzmann Eqs. -40 ● Leptogenesis: formulas Ρ � ● Neutron mixing ● Epochs ● CMB -60 Today ● LSS ● VM and DM -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 ● DAMA Log � a � a 0 � ● DM and DAMA M X n X M B n B ∼ 1 dark gauge sector? ● DM and DAMA ● Foot ● DM and DAMA • DM masses/properties are similar to baryon ones: M X ∼ M B ● Mirror gravity ● Mirror gravity • DM & B asymmetries are generated by one process and n X ∼ n B ● Mirror gravity ● Neutron mixing ● Experiment ● Neutron mixing Dark Matter Connection .... , GGI, Florence, 16-20 May 2010 Dark Side as parallel sector, etc ... - p. 6/45 ● Oscillation ● Probabilities
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