What is shared intention? Functional characterisation Substantial account shared intention serves to (a) coordinate activities, (b) coordinate planning and (c) structure bargaining
What is shared intention? Functional characterisation Substantial account shared intention serves to We have a shared intention (a) coordinate activities, (b) that we J if coordinate planning and (c) “ 1. (a) I intend that we J and structure bargaining (b) you intend that we J “ 2. I intend that we J in accordance with and because of la, lb, and meshing subplans of la and lb; you intend [likewise] … “ 3. 1 and 2 are common knowledge between us ” (Bratman 1993: View 4)
What is shared intention? Functional characterisation Substantial account shared intention serves to We have a shared intention (a) coordinate activities, (b) that we J if coordinate planning and (c) “ 1. (a) I intend that we J and structure bargaining (b) you intend that we J { “ 2. I intend that we J in accordance with and because of la, lb, and Intentions about intentions meshing subplans of la and lb; you intend [likewise] … “ 3. 1 and 2 are common knowledge between us ” (Bratman 1993: View 4)
What is shared intention? Functional characterisation Substantial account shared intention serves to We have a shared intention (a) coordinate activities, (b) that we J if coordinate planning and (c) “ 1. (a) I intend that we J and structure bargaining (b) you intend that we J { “ 2. I intend that we J in accordance with and because of la, lb, and Intentions about intentions meshing subplans of la and lb; you intend [likewise] … { Knowledge of others ' knowledge “ 3. 1 and 2 are common of intentions about intentions knowledge between us ” (Bratman 1993: View 4)
What is shared intention? Functional characterisation Substantial account shared intention serves to We have a shared intention (a) coordinate activities, (b) that we J if coordinate planning and (c) “ 1. (a) I intend that we J and structure bargaining (b) you intend that we J { “ 2. I intend that we J in accordance with and because of la, lb, and Intentions about intentions meshing subplans of la and lb; you intend [likewise] … { Knowledge of others ' knowledge “ 3. 1 and 2 are common of intentions about intentions knowledge between us ” (Bratman 1993: View 4)
What is shared intention? Functional characterisation Substantial account shared intention serves to We have a shared intention (a) coordinate activities, (b) that we J if coordinate planning and (c) “ 1. (a) I intend that we J and structure bargaining (b) you intend that we J “ 2. I intend that we J in accordance with and because of la, lb, and meshing subplans of la and lb; you intend [likewise] … “ 3. 1 and 2 are common knowledge between us ” (Bratman 1993: View 4)
What is shared intention? Functional characterisation Substantial account shared intention serves to We have a shared intention (a) coordinate activities, (b) that we J if coordinate planning and (c) “ 1. (a) I intend that we J and structure bargaining (b) you intend that we J “ 2. I intend that we J in 'shared intentional agency accordance with and consists, at bottom, in because of la, lb, and interconnected planning meshing subplans of la and agency of the participants.' lb; you intend [likewise] … (Bratman 2011, p. 11) “ 3. 1 and 2 are common knowledge between us ” (Bratman 1993: View 4)
1. All joint actions require shared intention. 2. Shared intention requires sophisticated mindreading. Therefore: 3. Abilities to engage in joint action could play no significant role in explaining how sophisticated mindreading emerges.
1. All joint actions require shared intention. 2. Shared intention requires sophisticated mindreading. Therefore: 3. Abilities to engage in joint action could play no significant role in explaining how sophisticated (not why) mindreading emerges.
1. All joint actions require shared intention. 2. Shared intention requires sophisticated mindreading. Therefore: 3. Abilities to engage in joint action could play no significant role in explaining how sophisticated mindreading emerges.
1. All joint actions require shared intention. 2. Shared intention requires sophisticated mindreading. Therefore: 3. Abilities to engage in joint action could play no significant role in explaining how sophisticated mindreading emerges.
joint What is the relation between a purposive action and the outcome or outcomes to which it is directed? wave out joint action represents out reach act out shared intention or social grasp motor representation out scratch
joint What is the relation between a purposive action and the outcome or outcomes to which it is directed? wave out joint action represents out reach act out shared intention or social grasp motor representation out scratch
challenge Explain the emergence, in evolution or development, of sophisticated forms of mindreading. conjecture The existence of abilities to engage in joint action partially explains how sophisticated forms of mindreading emerge in evolution or development (or both) 2 nd objection Joint action presupposes sophisticated mindreading
challenge Explain the emergence, in evolution or development, of sophisticated forms of mindreading. conjecture The existence of abilities to engage in joint action partially explains how sophisticated forms of mindreading emerge in evolution or development (or both) 2 nd objection Joint action presupposes sophisticated mindreading
challenge Explain the emergence, in evolution or development, of sophisticated forms of mindreading. conjecture The existence of abilities to engage in joint action partially explains how sophisticated forms of mindreading emerge in evolution or development (or both) first objection Sophisticated forms of mindreading emerge before joint action
mindreading abilities are widespread
mindreading abilities are widespread 18-month-olds point to (Knudsen & Liszkowski 2011) inform, and predict actions (Onishi & Baillargeon 2005; based on false beliefs Southgate et al 2007)
mindreading abilities are widespread 18-month-olds point to (Knudsen & Liszkowski 2011) inform, and predict actions (Onishi & Baillargeon 2005; based on false beliefs Southgate et al 2007) Scrub-jays selectively re- cache their food in ways that deprive competitors of knowledge of its location (Clayton, Dally & Emery 2007)
mindreading abilities are widespread 18-month-olds point to (Knudsen & Liszkowski 2011) inform, and predict actions (Onishi & Baillargeon 2005; based on false beliefs Southgate et al 2007) Scrub-jays selectively re- cache their food in ways that deprive competitors of knowledge of its location (Clayton, Dally & Emery 2007) Chimpanzees conceal their approach from a competitor's (Hare, Call & Tomasello 2006) view, and act in ways that are optimal given what another (Hare, Call & Tomasello 2001) has seen
mindreading abilities are widespread 18-month-olds point to (Knudsen & Liszkowski 2011) inform, and predict actions (Onishi & Baillargeon 2005; based on false beliefs Southgate et al 2007) Scrub-jays selectively re- cache their food in ways that deprive competitors of knowledge of its location (Clayton, Dally & Emery 2007) Chimpanzees conceal their approach from a competitor's (Hare, Call & Tomasello 2006) view, and act in ways that are optimal given what another (Hare, Call & Tomasello 2001) has seen
mindreading abilities are widespread 18-month-olds point to (Knudsen & Liszkowski 2011) inform, and predict actions (Onishi & Baillargeon 2005; based on false beliefs Southgate et al 2007) In standard false belief tasks, “[t]he subject is aware that he/she and Scrub-jays selectively re- another person witness certain state cache their food in ways that of affairs x. Then, in the absence of deprive competitors of the other person the subject knowledge of its location witnesses an unexpected change in the state of affairs from x to y” Chimpanzees conceal their Wimmer & Perner (1983, p. 106) approach from a competitor's view, and act in ways that are optimal given what another has seen
Onishi & Baillargeon (2005)
Yellow Green Onishi & Baillargeon (2005)
Yellow Green Onishi & Baillargeon (2005)
Yellow Green Onishi & Baillargeon (2005)
Onishi & Baillargeon (2005)
Onishi & Baillargeon (2005)
Onishi & Baillargeon (2005)
Onishi & Baillargeon (2005)
Onishi & Baillargeon (2005)
Onishi & Baillargeon (2005)
Onishi & Baillargeon (2005)
Onishi & Baillargeon (2005)
Onishi & Baillargeon (2005)
Onishi & Baillargeon (2005)
Yuck Knudsen & Liszkowski (2011)
I have to clean Yuck this up Knudsen & Liszkowski (2011)
I have to clean Yuck this up Knudsen & Liszkowski (2011)
I’ll leave my toy I have to here [target clean container] Yuck this up Knudsen & Liszkowski (2011)
I’ll leave my toy I have to here [target clean container] Yuck this up E1 left toy here Knudsen & Liszkowski (2011)
I have to clean Yuck this up This is E2. She is cleaning up E1 left toy here Knudsen & Liszkowski (2011)
I have to clean Yuck this up E1 left toy here Knudsen & Liszkowski (2011)
I have to clean Yuck this up E1 left toy here Knudsen & Liszkowski (2011)
I’ll put it [the toy] in my I have to pocket clean Yuck this up E1 left toy here Knudsen & Liszkowski (2011)
I have to clean Yuck this up E1 left toy here Knudsen & Liszkowski (2011)
I have to clean Yuck this up E1 is coming back E1 left toy here Knudsen & Liszkowski (2011)
I have to clean Yuck this up E1 left toy here Knudsen & Liszkowski (2011)
mindreading abilities are widespread 18-month-olds point to (Knudsen & Liszkowski 2011) inform, and predict actions (Onishi & Baillargeon 2005; based on false beliefs Southgate et al 2007) Scrub-jays selectively re- cache their food in ways that deprive competitors of knowledge of its location (Clayton, Dally & Emery 2007) Chimpanzees conceal their approach from a competitor's (Hare, Call & Tomasello 2006) view, and act in ways that are optimal given what another (Hare, Call & Tomasello 2001) has seen
mindreading abilities are widespread 18-month-olds point to (Knudsen & Liszkowski 2011) inform, and predict actions (Onishi & Baillargeon 2005; based on false beliefs Southgate et al 2007) Scrub-jays selectively re- cache their food in ways that deprive competitors of knowledge of its location (Clayton, Dally & Emery 2007) Chimpanzees conceal their approach from a competitor's (Hare, Call & Tomasello 2006) view, and act in ways that are optimal given what another (Hare, Call & Tomasello 2001) has seen
challenge Explain the emergence, in evolution or development, of sophisticated forms of mindreading. conjecture The existence of abilities to engage in joint action partially explains how sophisticated forms of mindreading emerge in evolution or development (or both) first objection Sophisticated forms of mindreading emerge before joint action
mindreading abilities are widespread 18-month-olds point to (Knudsen & Liszkowski 2011) inform, and predict actions (Onishi & Baillargeon 2005; based on false beliefs Southgate et al 2007) Scrub-jays selectively re- cache their food in ways that deprive competitors of knowledge of its location (Clayton, Dally & Emery 2007) Chimpanzees conceal their approach from a competitor's (Hare, Call & Tomasello 2006) view, and act in ways that are optimal given what another (Hare, Call & Tomasello 2001) has seen
mindreading abilities are widespread 18-month-olds point to (Knudsen & Liszkowski 2011) inform, and predict actions (Onishi & Baillargeon 2005; based on false beliefs Southgate et al 2007) Scrub-jays selectively re- cache their food in ways that deprive competitors of knowledge of its location (Clayton, Dally & Emery 2007) Chimpanzees conceal their approach from a competitor's (Hare, Call & Tomasello 2006) view, and act in ways that are optimal given what another (Hare, Call & Tomasello 2001) has seen
mindreading abilities are widespread 18-month-olds point to (Knudsen & Liszkowski 2011) inform, and predict actions (Onishi & Baillargeon 2005; based on false beliefs Southgate et al 2007) Scrub-jays selectively re- cache their food in ways that deprive competitors of knowledge of its location (Clayton, Dally & Emery 2007) Chimpanzees conceal their approach from a competitor's (Hare, Call & Tomasello 2006) view, and act in ways that are optimal given what another (Hare, Call & Tomasello 2001) has seen
mindreading abilities are widespread 18-month-olds point to (Knudsen & Liszkowski 2011) inform, and predict actions (Onishi & Baillargeon 2005; based on false beliefs Southgate et al 2007) Scrub-jays selectively re- cache their food in ways that deprive competitors of knowledge of its location (Clayton, Dally & Emery 2007) Chimpanzees conceal their approach from a competitor's (Hare, Call & Tomasello 2006) view, and act in ways that are optimal given what another (Hare, Call & Tomasello 2001) has seen
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