Japanese Higher Education Hybrid of models Towards privatisation? - PDF document

2 nd International Workshop on “Reform of Higher Education in Six Countries 8-9 July 2004, Wiener Gartenhotel Altmannsdorf, Vienna, Austria Japanese Higher Education ● Hybrid of models Towards privatisation? Restructuring of the national universities in Japan – German model – American model ● Coexistence of three sectors – national (national governmental) Jun Oba – local public (local governmental) – private (non-profit) RIHE/Hiroshima University, Japan ● Large proportion of private universities oba@hiroshima-u.ac.jp 1 2 Share of HE sectors by number of institutions I Private Higher Education in Japan (universities/junor colleges) in 2003 II Public and private universities in direct competition III Development of the evaluation system Universities IV Incorporation of national universities Private V Are national universities going towards Local Public National privatisation? Junior colleges VI What is the future of Japanese higher education? VII Concluding remarks 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% 3 4 I Private higher education in Japan Number of universities by sector 1 A brief History ● Large national universities 700 650 ● smaller private institutions – without university 600 Private Public status at the beginning 550 National 500 ● priority to national universities 450 400 ● expansion of private institutions in mass higher 350 education 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 5 6

Number of entrants to HE institutions Student enrolment in universities 850,000 Junior Colleges 800,000 Universities 750,000 Total 2,250,000 75% 700,000 National Public 650,000 2,000,000 Private 600,000 Share of Private Universi- 1,750,000 ties 550,000 500,000 1,500,000 50% 450,000 1,250,000 400,000 1,000,000 350,000 300,000 750,000 25% 250,000 500,000 200,000 250,000 150,000 100,000 0 0% 50,000 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2001 2003 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2002 0 1949 1950 1951 1954 1955 1956 1958 1959 1960 1961 1964 1965 1966 1968 1969 1970 1971 1973 1974 1975 1978 1979 1980 1983 1984 1985 1988 1989 1990 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2003 1952 1953 1957 1962 1963 1967 1972 1976 1977 1981 1982 1986 1987 1991 1992 1996 2000 2001 2002 7 8 I-2 Public financing to private institu- 18-year-olds and access to HE tions 250 50% ● Article 89 of the Japanese Constitution 225 45% 200 40% ● 1952 Private School Association 175 35% ● 1970 Private School Promotion Foundation tens of thousands 150 30% 125 25% ● 1975 Private School Subsidy Law 100 20% 75 15% 50 10% 25 5% 0 0% 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 18-year-olds Entrants (universities & Ratio of the age group junior colleges) advancing to universities and junior colleges 9 10 General subsidies & Special subsidies to Current expenditures of private HE private institutions for the current expenditures institutions and Government subsidies (100 million yen) 30,000 30.0% 1970 Total cost (100 million yen) 27,500 27.5% 1975 Subsidies (100 million yen) 1980 25,000 25.0% subsidies/total cost (%) 1985 22,500 22.5% 1988 20,000 20.0% 1993 17,500 17.5% 1996 15,000 15.0% Special subsidies 1997 General subsidies 1998 12,500 12.5% 1999 10,000 10.0% 2000 7,500 7.5% 2001 5,000 5.0% 2002 2,500 2.5% 2003 2004 0 0.0% 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 11 12

II Public and private universities in Tuition fees (entrance fees included) direct competition by sector ● Government appropriation in FY2003 1,100,000 3.25 National Universities 3.00 1,000,000 – National institutions : 1,525,606 million yen Local public universities 2.75 Private universities 900,000 Private/National – Private institutions : 321,750 million yen 2.50 800,000 2.25 ● Strong pressure from private universities on the 700,000 2.00 Yen 600,000 1.75 Government 1.50 500,000 1.25 ● Spiral of tuition fees 400,000 1.00 300,000 0.75 200,000 0.50 100,000 0.25 0 0.00 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 13 14 Public expenditure on HE in OECD Increase in competitive funds open to Countries (2000) public and private institutions ● Increase in special subsidies to private institutions 5.0 ● Government funds indifferently open to public 4.7 4.6 as a percentage of total public expenditure 4.5 4.3 as a percentage of GDP 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.0 and private institutions 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.2 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.6 – The 21 st Century COE Programme 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.6 ● Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research open to 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 private companies 0.5 0.5 0.0 Germany Hungary Italy Australia Austria Belgium Canada Czeck Rep. Denmark Finland France Greece Iceland Ireland Japan Korea Mexico NL Norway Poland Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland UK USA OECD Total 15 16 Top 15 universities ranked by the amount Number of COE projects adopted by of competitive research funds awarded by the MEXT, by sector the Government (million yen) 100 97 90 40,000 84 37,177 80 35,000 70 30,000 60 25,000 20,000 50 18,601 2002 15,591 2003 15,000 40 11,924 31 10,000 8,784 8,420 30 7,640 25 5,924 4,978 5,000 4,169 3,138 20 2,586 2,586 2,554 2,517 0 Tokyo Kyoto Osaka Tohoku Nagoya Kyushu Hokkaido TITech Keio (private) Tsukuba Hiroshima Chiba Waseda (private) TMDU Kobe 10 5 4 0 National Public universities Private universities universities 17 18