conference & convention enabling the next generation of networks & services Is Cable Congestion a Threat to Cable Security? What is the solution? What is the solution? Phil Footman-Williams Tyco Electronics Subsea Communications
conference & convention enabling the next generation of networks & services Presenter Profile 45 years in the marine environment Ship ´ ´ ´ ´ s Master and Lt Commander RNR 30 years in the submarine cable industry 30 years in the submarine cable industry Offshore, Inshore and Onshore project experience Phil Footman-Williams Project Coordinator Email: pfootman@subcom.com Tel: (+34) 649 905 864
conference & convention enabling the next generation of networks & services Contents � Cable Congestion - Background � Cable Congestion - Consequences � Multiple Cable Fault Locations � Earthquake - Multiple Faults � Anchoring - Multiple Faults � Conclusions � Recommendations / Solutions � Postscript
conference & convention enabling the next generation of networks & services Background to Cable Congestion Cable Station Cable Station Seabed Route Suitability • • CS Location Limitations • Natural Geographic Choke Points – – Backhaul Route Backhaul Route • Permitting Feasibility – Beach Suitability – Marine Approaches • Other Seabed Users – Permitting • Other Marine Users – Security • Increased Installation Activity • Lack of Available Routes PRACTICAL ECONOMICAL
conference & convention enabling the next generation of networks & services Consequences of Cable Congestion National, Business & Leisure Dependency on Global Communications • • Submarine Cables carry 95% of Global Communications • Submarine Cables are a Critical Strategic Infrastructure • Congestion results in real risk of Multiple Faults Multiple Faults result in Serious / Catastrophic Communication Loss • • Multiple Cable Faults / Failures have a Major Global Impact • Recent Multiple Faults escalated to Governmental Level • Submarine Cable Industry becoming focus of attention Potential for increased level of National and International Governance •
conference & convention enabling the next generation of networks & services Multiple Fault Locations Earthquake Anchoring
conference & convention enabling the next generation of networks & services Earthquake Algeria - May 2003 Cable Damage and Faults Cable Damage and Faults Cable Damage and Faults Cable Damage and Faults • 5 out of 6 cables damaged • 3 days to restore to 60% capacity • 35 separate faults • Damage zone: 50 miles
conference & convention enabling the next generation of networks & services Earthquake Taiwan December 2006 Earthquake Resulting Severe 300 km Mud Flow • 9 out of 18 major cables damaged • 90% of traffic affected • 11 repair ships required • 7 weeks disruption Diagrams courtesy Prof CS Liu Taiwan University; ICPC
conference & convention enabling the next generation of networks & services Anchor Damage Single Ship Under Way at Speed • Single ship causing multiple faults Egypt • Accidental dropping of anchor at sea 2008 2008 • Eastern Mediterranean congested cable zone • International Traffic seriously affected Malta 2008 • Island Nation virtually cut off
conference & convention enabling the next generation of networks & services Anchor Damage – Numerous Separate Faults AIS DISPLAY MALAYSIA SINGAPORE Shipping Lane Cable Routes INDONESIA Ships in Illegal Ships in Anchorage Designated Anchorage
conference & convention enabling the next generation of networks & services Anchoring Singapore Straits Radar Screen of Repair Cableship Ships anchoring anchoring illegally inside shipping lane and close to cable routes
conference & convention enabling the next generation of networks & services Cable Faults Overview Pattern Pattern of Single Fault Incidents Multiple Fault Incidents Single Faults – widespread but manageable Multiple Faults – in choke points and critical
conference & convention enabling the next generation of networks & services Cable Faults Overview Faults 1959-2006 Cause Cause Pre 2007 Pre 2007 2007-2008 2007-2008 Fishing 44 % 33 % Anchors 14 % 48 % • Automatic Identification System (AIS) data • Evidence points to more anchor faults • Low geological fault incidence but higher impact
conference & convention enabling the next generation of networks & services Conclusions • Submarine cables are a critical strategic infrastructure • Cable congestion is the result of many factors • Cable congestion is increasing • Multiple cable fault Incidents occur world-wide • Multiple cable fault Incidents occur world-wide • Multiple faults are both natural and human error • Natural causes are uncontrollable • Human error causes are controllable • Cable Corridors have been established but are not policed • Improved Ship Surveillance techniques available
conference & convention enabling the next generation of networks & services Recommendations / Solutions • Congestion • Increase cable owners ´ ´ cooperation at planning stage ´ ´ • Increase cooperation between all seabed users • Increase governmental / permitting / environmental support • Routing • Routing • Route to avoid earthquake hot spots if feasible • Route to avoid geographical choke points – overland if feasible • Restoration • Design System Architecture to enable rapid restoration in risk zones
conference & convention enabling the next generation of networks & services Recommendations / Solutions • Anchoring • Increase training and cable awareness of ship crews • Investigate introduction of additional Cable Corridors • Increase regulation, vigilance and control • Increase use of ship surveillance (AIS) • Increase use of ship surveillance (AIS) • Fault Management • Increase restoration cooperation between cable owners • Reduce permitting time for repair operations
conference & convention enabling the next generation of networks & services Postscript Improved Cable restoration has lessened the impact of multiple faults • Top level conferences held to discuss permitting improvements • Studies into Eastern Mediterranean Overland routes into Indian Ocean • – use Arabian Peninsula to avoid Suez / Red Sea choke points – use Arabian Peninsula to avoid Suez / Red Sea choke points • Anchoring control increased in Singapore Straits • New no-anchoring and no-fishing zones established in some territories • AIS being used to control / police anchoring
2010 conference & convention enabling the next generation of networks & services The 7th International Conference & Convention on Undersea Telecommunications Pacifico Convention Plaza Yokohama & InterContinental The Grand Yokohama 11 ~ 14 May 2010 www.suboptic.org
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