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Introduction Programming with C CSCI 112, Spring 2015 Patrick Donnelly Montana State University Introduction What is Computer Programming? Programming with C (CSCI 112) Spring 2015 2 / 15 Introduction What is Computer Programming?

  1. Introduction Programming with C CSCI 112, Spring 2015 Patrick Donnelly Montana State University

  2. Introduction What is Computer Programming? Programming with C (CSCI 112) Spring 2015 2 / 15

  3. Introduction What is Computer Programming? • problem-solving or “puzzle solving” Programming with C (CSCI 112) Spring 2015 2 / 15

  4. Introduction What is Computer Programming? • problem-solving or “puzzle solving” • translation of a problem to an executable computer program Programming with C (CSCI 112) Spring 2015 2 / 15

  5. Introduction What is Computer Programming? • problem-solving or “puzzle solving” • translation of a problem to an executable computer program • designing, writing, testing, debugging, and maintaining the source code of computer program Programming with C (CSCI 112) Spring 2015 2 / 15

  6. Introduction What is Computer Programming? • problem-solving or “puzzle solving” • translation of a problem to an executable computer program • designing, writing, testing, debugging, and maintaining the source code of computer program • combination of high-level design and low-level implementation details Programming with C (CSCI 112) Spring 2015 2 / 15

  7. Stages of Problem Solving Goal : use a computer to solve a problem Typical stages of building a solution: 1 Specify the problem 2 Analyze the problem 3 Design an algorithm to solve the problem 4 Implement the algorithm (write the program) 5 Test and verify the completed program 6 Maintain and update the program Programming with C (CSCI 112) Spring 2015 3 / 15

  8. Low Level vs High Level Languages High Level Languages • Uses algebraic expressions and symbols from natural languages. • These languages are human-friendly and farther from machine language. • Examples: C, Java, Python Assembly Language • Uses mnemonic codes to represent machine language instructions. • This is a low-level language, very close to machine language. Machine Language • A collection of 0’s and 1’s that can be interpretted by the processor. • There is a different machine language for every processor family. Programming with C (CSCI 112) Spring 2015 4 / 15

  9. Code Examples C Code Assembly Code Machine Code (Hex Representation) Programming with C (CSCI 112) Spring 2015 5 / 15

  10. Review: Bits and Bytes BIT • Name comes from BI nary digi T . • It is either a 0 or a 1. Byte • A collection of bits big enough to represent a single character. • Typically bytes consist of 8 bits. Example 10110101 11010010 10010100 10100110 11010010 10100110 A B C D B D Programming with C (CSCI 112) Spring 2015 6 / 15

  11. Review: Memory Cells There are many different types of memory available in a computer system. Regardless of the type, we can view the memory as an array of addressable cells. • A memory cell is an individual storage space in memory. • The address of a memory cell can be thought of as an index into this memory array. • The contents of a memory cell is the data stored at that location. Programming with C (CSCI 112) Spring 2015 7 / 15

  12. Review: Memory Cells Every memory cell always has content. • The content of a cell can either be a program instruction or data. • We as programmers are required to correctly interpret memory cell contents. Example Cell Contents • 285 • -29.6 • 0.02 • T • $ • MOV Programming with C (CSCI 112) Spring 2015 8 / 15

  13. C Language Designed by: Dennis Richie Appeared in: 1972 Bell Labs Paradigm: imperative Extension: .c, .h Influenced by: ALGOL, Assembly, PL/I, FORTRAN Features: powerful set of operators poor type checking fast run time performance useful for lower-level systems programming unchecked access to computer memory Domains: designed as a systems language used in many application areas Contributions: syntax influence is pervasive Programming with C (CSCI 112) Spring 2015 9 / 15

  14. C gcd Function int gcd_iter(int u, int v) { int t; while (v) { t = u; u = v; v = t % v; } return u < 0 ? -u : u; /* abs(u) */ } Programming with C (CSCI 112) Spring 2015 10 / 15

  15. The C Programming Language Features • Low-level access to computer memory via machine addresses. • Low-level (bit-wise) programming available. • Good compilers for all platforms. • Libraries provided by American National Standards Institute (ANSI). Implications • The resulting machine code is compact, efficient, and natively run. • Programs can be extremely fast, and as a result is the most commonly used language for writing system software. • C places a lot of trust in, and provides freedom to, programmers. • C does not protect you from yourself, so be careful! Programming with C (CSCI 112) Spring 2015 11 / 15

  16. What C Does Not Do • No Objects (but they are in C++) • No native support for multithreading and networking (although there are popular libraries for these). • No standard libraries for graphics and other (now common) programming needs. • Limited error detection. ◦ No garbage collector. ◦ No bounds checking of arrays and allocated memory segments. ◦ No standards for exception handling. Programming with C (CSCI 112) Spring 2015 12 / 15

  17. Compiling Compilation : The process of translating the source code (high-level) into executable code (machine-level). Source File : A file containing the program code. A compiler turns the Source File into an Object File. Object File : A file containing machine language instructions. A linker turns the Object File into an Executable File. Executable File : This is the binary file readable by the machine. This is what is typically referred to as the “program”. Programming with C (CSCI 112) Spring 2015 13 / 15

  18. The Compiler Integrated Development Environment (IDE) • IDE’s allow you to edit code and compile in the same environment. • Editing/debugging features to make programming easier. • Commercial IDEs like Visual Studio and Borland can be expensive. • There are open source projects like Eclipse and Netbeans that usually work quite well. • We will not use an IDE for this course. The GCC Compiler • We will be using the GCC command line tool for this course. • GCC is a free and extremely powerful C compiler. • It has been optimized for years and is quite simple to use. Programming with C (CSCI 112) Spring 2015 14 / 15

  19. Programming with C (CSCI 112) Spring 2015 15 / 15

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