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CS-559: Sensor Networks Computer Science Introduction Vision and Challenges Azer Bestavros September 9, 2003 1 References (and quotations) Computer Science Mark Weiser, The Computer for the 21st Century. Scientific American, 1991.

  1. CS-559: Sensor Networks Computer Science Introduction Vision and Challenges Azer Bestavros September 9, 2003 1

  2. References (and quotations) Computer Science � Mark Weiser, The Computer for the 21st Century. Scientific American, 1991. � Embedded Everywhere: A research agenda for networked systems of embedded computers, CSTB Report. � J. M. Kahn, R. H. Katz, and K. S. J. Pister, Next Century Challenges: Mobile Networking for Smart Dust, Mobicom'99. � M. Srivastava, R. Muntz and M. Potkonjak, Smart Kindergarten: Sensor-based Wireless Networks for Smart Developmental Problem-solving Environments. Mobicom’01 � Akyildiz, Su, Sankarasubramaniam. A Survey on Sensor Networks. IEEE Communications Magazine. 2002. Sensor Networks Seminar 2

  3. Scalability: Size and #’s Computer Science Log (people per computer) Mainframe Minicomputer Workstation PC Laptop PDA ??? Year Sensor Networks Seminar 3

  4. New Role for Computing Computer Science log (people per computer) Number Crunching & Storage Productivity interactive Streaming information to/from physical year world Sensor Networks Seminar 4

  5. Confluence of Technologies Computer Science Embedded Systems Networking Small, untethered processing, Self-organized, power-aware storage, and control communication Many devices monitor and interact with physical world Coordinate and perform higher-level tasks MEMS Mass-produced, low-power, short range, sensors & actuators Exploit spatially and temporally dense coupling to physical world Sensor Networks Seminar 5

  6. What is a Sensor? Computer Science Device Sensor? Keyboard Mouse Network monitor Webcam � Clearly the above devices could be considered sensors—are they? � What characteristic makes an input device a sensor? Sensor Networks Seminar 6

  7. Input Device � Sensor Computer Science � What characteristic makes an input device a sensor? UBIQUITY Device Sensor? Keyboard No Mouse No Network monitor No Webcam Maybe! Sensor Networks Seminar 7

  8. Ubiquitous Computing Computer Science 21 st Century Computers (circa 1991) Embedded in OUR world ( a.k.a. Ubiquitous/Pervasive): - “They weave themselves into the fabric of everyday life until they are indistinguishable from it” [Weiser, 1991] - The anti-thesis of “virtual reality” and GUI - Just like motor technology, embedding computers everywhere and having them “disappear in the background” is easy—a done deal today - It’s the network stupid! Sensor Networks Seminar 8

  9. Ubiquity: Visions and Dreams Computer Science “Window Desktops” � “Real Desktops” [Weiser, 1991] � From Icons, Windows and desktops to Tabs, Pads, and Boards (“widgets”) � Challenges Location: - Awareness - Adaptation to mobility (which network to use, OS extensibility) Scale: - Form factor of individual device (e.g., tabs) - Number of devices - Security and privacy issues Sensor Networks Seminar 9

  10. Ubiquity: Visions and Dreams Computer Science � “Ubiquitous computing may mean the decline of the computer addict.” � “Ubiquitous computers will help overcome the problem of information overload. There is more information available at our fingertips during a walk in the woods than in any computer system, yet people find a walk among trees relaxing and computers frustrating. Machines that fit the human environment, instead of forcing humans to enter theirs, will make using a computer as refreshing as taking a walk in the woods.” Sensor Networks Seminar 10

  11. Example uses Computer Science � Environment Monitoring � Precision agriculture, land conservation, ... � Built environment comfort & efficiency ... � Alarms, security, surveillance, treaty verification ... � Civil Engineering: Structures response � Condition-based maintenance � Disaster management � Urban terrain mapping & monitoring � Interactive Environments � Context aware computing, non-verbal communication � Handicap assistance - home/elder care - asset tracking Sensor Networks Seminar 11

  12. Habitat Monitoring @ Berkeley Computer Science Acadia National Park Mt. Desert Island, ME Great Duck Island > 1000 ft Nature Conservancy Leach’s Storm Petrel ~2 ft Sensor Networks Seminar 12

  13. Current State of the Art Computer Science Sensor Networks Seminar 13

  14. Sensor Network Solution Computer Science http://www.greatduckisland.net Processing, Storage Wireless network Light, Temp, Humidity, Barometer, Passive IR (occupancy) Sensor Networks Seminar 14

  15. Remote Deployment Computer Science Sensor Networks Seminar 15

  16. (Possible) Characteristics Computer Science � Number of nodes: Typically large with no unique IDs � Density of nodes: High and irregular � Data type: Streaming, periodic, and noisy � Failure prone: Possibly Intermittent � Deployment: Prolonged, unattended, and inaccessible � Power: Energy constrained, possibly scavenge-able � Operate in aggregate � In-network processing is necessary � Mission: What they do changes over time � Cost: Currently ~ $5/sensor � $0.01/sensor But then maybe not! Sensor Networks Seminar 16

  17. (Possible) Architecture Computer Science Sensor Networks Seminar 17

  18. Wireless Communication Computer Science Radio � Relatively expensive ~ $5 / Bluetooth transceiver � Noisy due to interference Infrared � Cheaper � Shorter range � Less susceptible to interference but requires line-of-sight Optical � Cheapest � Possibly very long range � Requires line-of-sight Sensor Networks Seminar 18

  19. Networking Stack Computer Science � Standard networking layers + management planes � Management of power, mobility, and resources transcend layering! � … and interact with each other as well (e.g., power- aware scheduling) Sensor Networks Seminar 19

  20. Physical/Data Link Layers Computer Science Physical Layer � Signaling, frequency selection, … � An engineering problem: Another way of saying it is “somebody else’s problem ☺ Data Link Layer � Media Access Control (MAC) Issues - Infrastructure versus infrastructure-less - Need self organization and synchronization � Power Saving Modes - To turn-off or not to turn-off? � Error Control - Retransmission versus FEC; (power) cost of FEC is not insignificant Sensor Networks Seminar 20

  21. Network/Transport Layers Computer Science � At play: � Power consumption � Resilience to failures � Congestion management � Quality of Data (and not Quality of Service) � We are not communicating poetry ☺ � Abstractions such as “flows” and “packets” may need to be revisited � Routing and data processing cannot be kept totally independent—the network stack abstraction may need to be revisited afterall! Sensor Networks Seminar 21

  22. Routing Flavors Computer Science Optimize what? Power available (min, total, …) � Power consumed (max, total, …) � Number of hops � Quality of coverage � Balance supply and demand � Sensor Networks Seminar 22

  23. Activity Tracking @ BU Computer Science Sensorium: A common space equipped with video sensors (VS) for ubiquitous recognition and tracking of activities therein Infrastructure: � Range of VS Elements � Programmable VS Network � Backend compute engines � Backend TByte storage � Mobile/wireless query units � Research Engineer Sensor Networks Seminar 23

  24. Why Acquire a Sensorium? Computer Science The proliferation of networked, embedded, and mobile digital video sensors requires a paradigm shift in many areas of CS to address: 1. The unique spatio-temporal aspects of sensory (video) data acquisition, processing, representation, communication, storage, real-time indexing/retrieval, data mining 2. The challenges of Quality of Service (QoS) management and coordinated resource arbitration of sensory networks, which are both embedded and mobile The other extreme in sensor networks research! Sensor Networks Seminar 24

  25. Sensoria: Deployment Computer Science Assistive Environments � e.g. for home/hospice/elder care/… Safety Monitoring � e.g. in factories/pre-schools/hospitals/… Intelligent Spaces � e.g. for classrooms/meeting rooms/theaters/farms… Secure Facilities and Homeland Security Uses � e.g. at airports/embassies/prisons/… People Flow/Activity Studies � e.g. at retail stores/museums/… Sensor Networks Seminar 25

  26. Smart Kindergarten @ UCLA Computer Science � “A wireless network of toys, composed of toys with embedded modules that provide processing, wireless communication, and sensing capability, would be used as the application platform together with a background computing and data management infrastructure.” � “Children learn by exploiting and interacting with objects such as toys in their environments, and the experience of having the environment respond (causally) to their actions is one key aspect of their development.” � “We would use the ability to sense and act on the physical environment to create and evaluate smart developmental problem-solving environments in pre-school and kindergarten classroom settings.” Sensor Networks Seminar 26

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