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Introduction CS 416: Operating Systems Design, Fall 2009 Department of Computer Science Rutgers University http://www.cs.rutgers.edu/~vinodg/teaching/416/ Logistics Instructor: Vinod Ganapathy Office hours: Mondays, 4:45pm-5:45pm (Core 309)

  1. Introduction CS 416: Operating Systems Design, Fall 2009 Department of Computer Science Rutgers University http://www.cs.rutgers.edu/~vinodg/teaching/416/

  2. Logistics Instructor: Vinod Ganapathy Office hours: Mondays, 4:45pm-5:45pm (Core 309) TAs: Bogdan Branzoi, Rezwana Karim, Ana Paula Centeno More information (including office hours, email addresses, etc.) http://www.cs.rutgers.edu/~vinodg/teaching/416/ If you need help outside of office hours, use email to the TA Start subject line with [cs416] Emails without this tag will likely be ignored You will need an account on the iLab machines. LCSR has a Web page for you to create the account Rutgers University 2 CS 416: Operating Systems

  3. Course Overview Goals : Understanding of OS and the OS/architecture interface/interaction Learn a little bit about advanced topics (security, distributed, real-time) Prerequisites: (CS 113 or ECE 252) and (CS 211 or ECE 331) What to expect: We will cover core concepts and issues in lectures In recitations, you and your TA will mostly talk about the programming assignments Three large programming assignments in C; randomly chosen demos 1 Midterm and 1 Final Course project for honors section students and graduate students Rutgers University 3 CS 416: Operating Systems

  4. Warnings Do NOT ignore these warnings! ❚ We will be working on large programming assignments. If you do not have good programming skills or cannot work hard consistently on these assignments, don’t take this course. ❚ Cheating will be punished severely. ❚ For more information on academic integrity, see: http://www.cs.rutgers.edu/policies/academicintegrity/ You will learn a lot during this course, but you will have to work very hard to pass it! Rutgers University 4 CS 416: Operating Systems

  5. Textbook and Topics “Operating System Concepts” by Silberschatz, Galvin, and Gagne. Topics Processes and threads Processor scheduling Synchronization Virtual memory File systems I/O systems Security and protection Distributed systems Rutgers University 5 CS 416: Operating Systems

  6. Grading Rough guideline Midterm 20% (15% for honors section) Final 35% (30% for honors section) Assignments 45% (40% for honors section) Course project 15% (honors section only) Class participation and pop-quizzes will be tie breakers Programming assignments will be done in groups of at most three; demos might change grades. Exams and written homeworks are individual. Cheating policy: Collaboration at the level of ideas is good. Copying code or words is not good. Rutgers University 6 CS 416: Operating Systems

  7. Grading Occasional written homeworks: Will not be graded This requires discipline on your part to actually do them This is critical to doing well on the exams Solutions will be posted a couple of weeks after the posting of HWs Assignment hand-ins MUST be on time Late hand-ins will not be accepted Programming assignments must be turned in electronically Instructions will be posted on the web We will promptly close the turn-in at the appointed time Rutgers University 7 CS 416: Operating Systems

  8. Final Note About Grading Things that I will not do at the end of the course: Give you an incomplete because you think that your grade was bad Give you extra work so that you can try to improve your grade Bump your grade up because you feel you deserve it Give you an F if your grade should actually be a D Review earlier assignments or exams to try to find extra points for you So don’t come asking! Rutgers University 8 CS 416: Operating Systems

  9. Special Permissions Requests must be accompanied by transcript and photo ID. Please write your email address, Rutgers ID, and section you want to join on your transcript Provided that there is room in the sections, I will rank requests according to the following criteria: 3. Students with 105 credits or more 4. Students in CS major that are not repeating this course 5. Students in ECE major that are not repeating this course 6. Students in CS major that are repeating this course 7. Students in ECE major that are repeating this course 8. Other students Cheating, turn-in, and special permission policies will be enforced strictly. There will be no if, but, … whatever Rutgers University 9 CS 416: Operating Systems

  10. Today What is an Operating System? Major OS components A little bit of history Rutgers University 10 CS 416: Operating Systems

  11. What Is An Operating System? application (user) operating system hardware Rutgers University 11 CS 416: Operating Systems

  12. Abstract View of System Components Rutgers University 12 CS 416: Operating Systems

  13. Why Do We Want An OS? Benefits for application writers Easier to write programs See high-level abstractions instead of low-level hw details E.g. files instead of bunches of disk blocks Portability Benefits for users Easier to use computers Can you imagine trying to use a computer without the OS? Safety OS protects programs from each other OS protects users from each other Rutgers University 13 CS 416: Operating Systems

  14. Mechanism and Policy application (user) operating system: mechanism+policy hardware Rutgers University 14 CS 416: Operating Systems

  15. Basic Computer Structure Memory CPU memory bus I/O bus Net interface core 1 core 2 Disk … core n Rutgers University 15 CS 416: Operating Systems

  16. System Abstraction: Processes A process is a system abstraction: illusion of being the only job in the system user: run application create, kill processes, inter-process comm. operating system: process Multiplexing resources hardware: computer Rutgers University 16 CS 416: Operating Systems

  17. Processes: Mechanism and Policy Mechanism: Creation, destruction, suspension, context switch, signaling, IPC, etc. Policy: Minor policy questions: Who can create/destroy/suspend processes? How many active processes can each user have? Major policy question that we will concentrate on: How to share system resources between multiple processes? Typically broken into a number of orthogonal policies for individual resources, such as CPU, memory, and disk. Rutgers University 17 CS 416: Operating Systems

  18. Processor Abstraction: Threads A thread is a processor abstraction: illusion of having 1 processor per execution context application: execution context create, kill, synch. operating system: thread context switch hardware: processor Rutgers University 18 CS 416: Operating Systems

  19. Threads: Mechanism and Policy Mechanism: Creation, destruction, suspension, context switch, signaling, synchronization, etc. Policy: How to share the CPU between threads from different processes? How to share the CPU between threads from the same process? How can multiple threads synchronize with each other? How to control inter-thread interactions? Can a thread murder other threads at will? Rutgers University 19 CS 416: Operating Systems

  20. Memory Abstraction: Virtual memory Virtual memory is a memory abstraction: illusion of large contiguous memory, often more memory than physically available application: address space virtual addresses operating system: virtual memory physical addresses hardware: physical memory Rutgers University 20 CS 416: Operating Systems

  21. Virtual Memory: Mechanism Mechanism: Virtual-to-physical memory mapping, page-fault, etc. virtual address spaces p1 p2 processes: v-to-p memory mappings physical memory: Rutgers University 21 CS 416: Operating Systems

  22. Virtual Memory: Policy Policy: How to multiplex a virtual memory that is larger than the physical memory onto what is available? How should physical memory be allocated to competing processes? How to control the sharing of a piece of physical memory between multiple processes? Rutgers University 22 CS 416: Operating Systems

  23. Storage Abstraction: File System A file system is a storage abstraction: illusion of structured storage space application/user: copy file1 file2 naming, protection, operations on files operating system: files, directories operations on disk blocks ... hardware: disk Rutgers University 23 CS 416: Operating Systems

  24. File System Mechanism: File creation, deletion, read, write, file-block-to-disk-block mapping, file buffer cache, etc. Policy: Sharing vs. protection? Which block to allocate? File buffer cache management? Rutgers University 24 CS 416: Operating Systems

  25. Communication Abstraction: Messaging Message passing is a communication abstraction: illusion of reliable (sometimes ordered) transport application: sockets naming, messages operating system: TCP/IP protocols network packets hardware: network interface Rutgers University 25 CS 416: Operating Systems

  26. Message Passing Mechanism: Send, receive, buffering, retransmission, etc. Policy: Congestion control and routing Multiplexing multiple connections onto a single network interface Rutgers University 26 CS 416: Operating Systems

  27. Character & Block Devices The device interface gives the illusion that devices support the same API – character stream and block access application/user: read character naming, protection, from device read,write operating system: character & hardware-specific block API PIO, interrupt hardware: keyboard, mouse, handling, or DMA etc. Rutgers University 27 CS 416: Operating Systems

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