Introduction QUIC Conference May 2011 Dr Jane Fielding, - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Introduction QUIC Conference May 2011 Dr Jane Fielding, - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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" Everything in its place": Investigating the affordances of integrated data display in analysing neighbourhood experiences of crime and disorder Introduction QUIC Conference May 2011 Dr Jane Fielding, Department of Sociology,

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"Everything in its place": Investigating the affordances of integrated data display in analysing neighbourhood experiences of crime and disorder

Introduction

QUIC Conference May 2011

Dr Jane Fielding, Department of Sociology, University of Surrey, UK

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Outline

  • Research Questions & layers of evidence

– Adding the spatial dimension

  • How spatial information is used or presented

– Maps for communications and maps for analysis

  • Maps and spatial evidence in social research

– Historical & current studies

  • QUIC empirical studies

– Vulnerability to environmental /crime risk

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Research Questions, data and methods

  • Qualitative data

– collected using qualitative methods to explore reality(ies) created though peoples‟ experience – Open-ended, RQs may evolve during course of study

  • To discover How? Why?
  • Quantitative data

– collected using quantitative methods to explore reality which is just waiting to be discovered – Fixed, developed from theory

  • To test hypotheses, to answer What? How many?

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To add another dimension – that of space: adding spatial context

  • From analysis which is generalised

globally to a local generalisation

– Qualitative data + location

  • To answer... How? Why? And where?

– Quantitative data + location

  • To answer... What? How many? And where?

– The 4th dimension – time – to add past & future trends –the dynamic

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To add a spatial dimension to a project...

  • Data collected must have spatial referents

– Postcodes/ addresses – eg. open-ended questions in a survey – Places referred to in interviews – GPS tracks recorded

  • Or have spatial information about sample area to

add as layers

– topography/ transport layout / area statistics / urban planning areas etc.

  • And / Or the landscape can be read and coded to

inform or complement or link to other data

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From non-spatial data to spatial data - distinguishing between...

  • Geo-referencing

– Locating in geographic space points/lines/areas where data is produced or referred to – Term used by MAXQDA (geo-linking) – In GIS – aligning geographic data (which has no explicit coordinate system) to a coordinate system (ie. a paper map) – From data  location in 3D space -hyperlinks

  • Geo-coding

– More complex - reading and coding spatial information – Landscape as “text”, as data which can be codified (Verd, 2011) – Term used by NVivo and ATLAS.ti – In GIS -assigning coordinates to postal addresses – From location(s) in 3D space  codes  linked documents

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Geo-linking Geo-coding

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Linking data in space

  • Quantitative

– Census data:

  • Mapped as

Output area classifications in Guildford

– http://www.maptube.org/map.asp x?mapid=1

  • Qualitative

– Mobile Interview with GPS and photos

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Inclusion of spatial data : how is the information to be presented or used?

  • Data presented as maps?

– As an end in itself -for communication ?

  • presenting knowns

– Or as a means to an end - for visualisation?

  • revealing unknown geospatial relationships
  • Who is the map for?

– Just the researcher to use – Wider public

  • How is it going to be used

– As a static map? – As a multimedia presentation?

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Maps for communication

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Maps for visualisation

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Examples Maps for visualisation

  • Classic examples

– John Snow‟s 1854 map of the outbreak of cholera in London – Charles Booth‟s (1881-1903) poverty maps of London

  • Recent research: Qualitative GIS

– Knigge and Cope, 2006

"Grounded visualization: integrating the analysis of qualitative and quantitative data through grounded theory and visualization" Environment and Planning A 38(11) 2021 – 2037

– Kwan and Ding, 2008

“Geo-Narrative: Extending Geographic Information Systems for Narrative Analysis” The Professional Geographer, 60(4) 443–465

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GIS Advanced Methods Workshop 13

John Snow‟s map of London showing cases

  • f cholera in 1854
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Charles Booth's Inquiry into the Life and Labour

  • f the People in London: Btwn1886 and 1903
  • http://booth.lse.ac.uk/
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GIS Advanced Methods Workshop 15

Digitised police notebooks

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Knigge and Cope: Recursive analysis of community space, 2006

  • Using “grounded visualisation”

– Similarities between grounded theory and geospatial visualization

  • Exploratory, iterative & recursive

– EDA  ESDA

  • Attention to the concrete & the abstract, the small & large scale.
  • Making sense of patterns

– Coding qualitative data – a process of data reduction and data analysis

  • Both can represent multiple interpretations
  • In support of mixed methods...

– “Grounded theorists are, therefore, more concerned with the reflexive process that creates a `flow of data' toward emerging theories than with whether the data are numerical or text and images” (p.2021)

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  • Knigge and Cope 2006

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Kwan and Ding : Geo-Narrative: Extending Geographic Information Systems for Narrative Analysis 2008

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  • Mapped activity diaries and oral histories
  • f Muslim women in Columbus Ohio,

following 9/11

  • Developed 3D Visual Qualitative

Geographical Information System (3D- VQGIS)

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Substantive studies within the QUIC project

  • Studies of Vulnerability and Risk

– A study of vulnerability to environmental risk

  • flood risk (not presented here)

– Vulnerability to crime risk and fear of crime

  • community safety

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Approach to the conceptualisation of „vulnerability‟

  • Emic and etic perspectives…

– Foundations in the academic fields of anthropology and linguistics

  • the emic is concerned with portraying a culture

in terms of its internal elements and functions

– an insider perspective

  • the etic perspective draws on external structures

and an outside position for its descriptions

– an outsider perspective

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Applied to awareness of risk...Etic risk

  • An etic viewpoint defines vulnerable individuals as those at

greater risk based either on… – where they live (vulnerable places)

  • flood plains, crime hot spots, deprived neighbourhoods

– or on demographic characteristics (vulnerable people)

  • often those characterised with increased social dependence; ie.

Old/young, ill health, disability

  • Aligned with quantitative data – ie. Scientific

measurements of previous floods, telemetry, Census data, government surveys, crime statistics

– Research questions explore relationships between variables

  • Are high crime rates associated with neighbourhood levels of

deprivation?

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Spatial etic measures

  • Geographic maps
  • Flood risk maps
  • Crime maps

– Recorded crime – Vulnerable localities index (Jill Dando Institute)

  • Mapped Census data

– Deprivation indices – Area classifications

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Emic risk…

  • Seeks to identify vulnerability on the basis of meanings held

by individuals arising from their lived experience

  • Aligned with qualitative data – interview/focus group

transcripts, photographs

  • Questions explore the concept from the perspective of the

research participant – Perception of risk

  • Why are some areas seen as more risky than others?
  • Why do some people feel more vulnerable?

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Spatial emic measures

  • Participant drawn maps
  • Routes on maps from mobile interviews

and the respondent‟s perception of the neighbourhood

  • Open-ended questions in local surveys of

places to avoid

  • Researcher led environmental audits

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Crime Risk: Vulnerable places and vulnerable people

  • Where are the risky places?

– Areas at risk – crime risk maps and crime hot spots – Deprived areas

  • Who is at risk?

– People at risk – those that live/pass through near/in those areas?

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Crime risk data

  • Recorded Police Crime 2008-9 for area

– Crime events with geographic coordinates

  • Census data (2001)– area classifications &
  • ther derived variables
  • Mobile interviews in area using GPS and digital

recorders – With local residents – With PCSOs – Researcher led audits of area

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Recorded crime data

  • Crime Rates/1000 population

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Recorded crime events

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Sample site

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Area Classifications

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Note that some crime points are multiple events – geo- referenced to the postcode

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Public awareness - http://www.police.uk

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Mobile Interviews

  • Interview with local Police Community

Support Officers and Neighbourhood Watch coordinator

  • Interviews with members of local community
  • Community audit walks

– All with voice recorder and GPS – Audit walks using SurveyToGo – auditing instances of incivilities.

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SurveyToGo

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http://www.dooblo.net/

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Mobile interviews in ArcMap

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Mobile interviews in Google Earth

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Zoom in on deprived area…

  • Waypoints

linked to audio:

  • Walk 2 – wp58-68
  • Walk 3 -- wp69-75
  • Walk 4 – wp76-80
  • And to time stamp on

both audio and GPS

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Mobile interviews in GE

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Audit Walks 1 and 2

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Import as GPX or GDP files from Mapsource: Google Pro

  • nly
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Audit walk with crime events

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58 addresses to this postcode 32 addresses to this postcode

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Audit walk in Street View

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Audit walk in Open Street Map with synchronised audio

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audit walk with OSM.wmv

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Spatial synchronisation using time stamps

  • Synchronisation is the key – by time
  • Fieldwork tracker on iPhone
  • Map mobile interviews and then “capture” an area and

listen to all clips – working on this

  • Java Open Street Map??

– Synchronisation of audio

  • How CAQDAS software helps integrate spatial and
  • ther data and analysis....

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