Introduction QUIC Conference May 2011 Dr Jane Fielding, - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

" Everything in its place": Investigating the affordances of integrated data display in analysing neighbourhood experiences of crime and disorder Introduction QUIC Conference May 2011 Dr Jane Fielding, Department of Sociology, University of Surrey, UK 1

Outline • Research Questions & layers of evidence – Adding the spatial dimension • How spatial information is used or presented – Maps for communications and maps for analysis • Maps and spatial evidence in social research – Historical & current studies • QUIC empirical studies – Vulnerability to environmental /crime risk 2

Research Questions, data and methods • Qualitative data – collected using qualitative methods to explore reality(ies) created though peoples ‟ experience – Open-ended, RQs may evolve during course of study • To discover How? Why? • Quantitative data – collected using quantitative methods to explore reality which is just waiting to be discovered – Fixed, developed from theory • To test hypotheses, to answer What? How many? 3

To add another dimension – that of space: adding spatial context • From analysis which is generalised globally to a local generalisation – Qualitative data + location • To answer... How? Why? And where? – Quantitative data + location • To answer... What? How many? And where? – The 4 th dimension – time – to add past & future trends – the dynamic 4

To add a spatial dimension to a project... • Data collected must have spatial referents – Postcodes/ addresses – eg. open-ended questions in a survey – Places referred to in interviews – GPS tracks recorded • Or have spatial information about sample area to add as layers – topography/ transport layout / area statistics / urban planning areas etc. • And / Or the landscape can be read and coded to inform or complement or link to other data 5

From non-spatial data to spatial data - distinguishing between... • Geo-referencing – Locating in geographic space points/lines/areas where data is produced or referred to – Term used by MAXQDA (geo-linking) – In GIS – aligning geographic data (which has no explicit coordinate system) to a coordinate system (ie. a paper map) – From data  location in 3D space - hyperlinks • Geo-coding – More complex - reading and coding spatial information – Landscape as “text”, as data which can be codified (Verd, 2011) – Term used by NVivo and ATLAS.ti – In GIS -assigning coordinates to postal addresses – From location(s) in 3D space  codes  linked documents 6

Geo-linking Geo-coding 7

Linking data in space • Quantitative – Census data: • Mapped as Output area classifications in Guildford – http://www.maptube.org/map.asp x?mapid=1 • Qualitative – Mobile Interview with GPS and photos 8

Inclusion of spatial data : how is the information to be presented or used? • Data presented as maps? – As an end in itself -for communication ? • presenting knowns – Or as a means to an end - for visualisation? • revealing unknown geospatial relationships • Who is the map for? – Just the researcher to use – Wider public • How is it going to be used – As a static map? – As a multimedia presentation? 9

Maps for communication 10

Maps for visualisation 11

Examples Maps for visualisation • Classic examples – John Snow‟s 1854 map of the outbreak of cholera in London – Charles Booth‟s (1881 -1903) poverty maps of London • Recent research: Qualitative GIS – Knigge and Cope, 2006 "Grounded visualization: integrating the analysis of qualitative and quantitative data through grounded theory and visualization" Environment and Planning A 38 (11) 2021 – 2037 – Kwan and Ding, 2008 “Geo -Narrative: Extending Geographic Information Systems for Narrative Analysis ” The Professional Geographer , 60(4) 443 – 465 12

John Snow‟s map of London showing cases of cholera in 1854 13 GIS Advanced Methods Workshop

Charles Booth's Inquiry into the Life and Labour of the People in London: Btwn1886 and 1903 • http://booth.lse.ac.uk/ 14

Digitised police notebooks 15 GIS Advanced Methods Workshop

Knigge and Cope: Recursive analysis of community space, 2006 • Using “grounded visualisation” – Similarities between grounded theory and geospatial visualization • Exploratory, iterative & recursive – EDA  ESDA • Attention to the concrete & the abstract, the small & large scale. • Making sense of patterns – Coding qualitative data – a process of data reduction and data analysis • Both can represent multiple interpretations • In support of mixed methods... – “Grounded theorists are, therefore, more concerned with the reflexive process that creates a `flow of data' toward emerging theories than with whether the data are numerical or text and images” (p.2021) 16

• Knigge and Cope 2006 17

Kwan and Ding : Geo-Narrative: Extending Geographic Information Systems for Narrative Analysis 2008 • Mapped activity diaries and oral histories of Muslim women in Columbus Ohio, following 9/11 • Developed 3D Visual Qualitative Geographical Information System (3D- VQGIS) 18

Substantive studies within the QUIC project • Studies of Vulnerability and Risk – A study of vulnerability to environmental risk • flood risk (not presented here) – Vulnerability to crime risk and fear of crime • community safety 19

Approach to the conceptualisation of „vulnerability‟ • Emic and etic perspectives… – Foundations in the academic fields of anthropology and linguistics • the emic is concerned with portraying a culture in terms of its internal elements and functions – an insider perspective • the etic perspective draws on external structures and an outside position for its descriptions – an outsider perspective 20

Applied to awareness of risk...Etic risk • An etic viewpoint defines vulnerable individuals as those at greater risk based either on… – where they live (vulnerable places) • flood plains, crime hot spots, deprived neighbourhoods – or on demographic characteristics (vulnerable people) • often those characterised with increased social dependence; ie. Old/young, ill health, disability • Aligned with quantitative data – ie. Scientific measurements of previous floods, telemetry, Census data, government surveys, crime statistics – Research questions explore relationships between variables • Are high crime rates associated with neighbourhood levels of deprivation? 21

Spatial etic measures • Geographic maps • Flood risk maps • Crime maps – Recorded crime – Vulnerable localities index (Jill Dando Institute) • Mapped Census data – Deprivation indices – Area classifications 22

Emic risk… • Seeks to identify vulnerability on the basis of meanings held by individuals arising from their lived experience • Aligned with qualitative data – interview/focus group transcripts, photographs • Questions explore the concept from the perspective of the research participant – Perception of risk • Why are some areas seen as more risky than others? • Why do some people feel more vulnerable? 23

Spatial emic measures • Participant drawn maps • Routes on maps from mobile interviews and the respondent‟s perception of the neighbourhood • Open-ended questions in local surveys of places to avoid • Researcher led environmental audits 24

Crime Risk: Vulnerable places and vulnerable people • Where are the risky places? – Areas at risk – crime risk maps and crime hot spots – Deprived areas • Who is at risk? – People at risk – those that live/pass through near/in those areas? 25

Crime risk data • Recorded Police Crime 2008-9 for area – Crime events with geographic coordinates • Census data (2001) – area classifications & other derived variables • Mobile interviews in area using GPS and digital recorders – With local residents – With PCSOs – Researcher led audits of area 26

Recorded crime data • Crime Rates/1000 population 27

Recorded crime events 28

Area Classifications Sample site 29

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Note that some crime points are multiple events – geo- referenced to the postcode 32

Public awareness - http://www.police.uk 33

Mobile Interviews • Interview with local Police Community Support Officers and Neighbourhood Watch coordinator • Interviews with members of local community • Community audit walks – All with voice recorder and GPS – Audit walks using SurveyToGo – auditing instances of incivilities. 34

SurveyToGo http://www.dooblo.net/ 35

Mobile interviews in ArcMap 36

Mobile interviews in Google Eart h 37

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Zoom in on deprived area… • Waypoints linked to audio: • Walk 2 – wp58-68 • Walk 3 -- wp69-75 • Walk 4 – wp76-80 • And to time stamp on both audio and GPS 39

Mobile interviews in GE 40

Audit Walks 1 and 2 Import as GPX or GDP files from Mapsource: Google Pro only 41

Audit walk with crime events 58 addresses to this 32 addresses to this postcode postcode 42

Audit walk in Street View 43

Audit walk in Open Street Map with synchronised audio audit walk with OSM.wmv 44