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Introduction Chi Zhang czhang@cs.fiu.edu 1 Outline ! Goals ! - PDF document

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COP 6611 Advanced Operating System Introduction Chi Zhang czhang@cs.fiu.edu 1 Outline ! Goals ! Hardware Concepts ! Software Concepts ! The Client-Server Model 2 1 Definition of a Distributed System (1) ! A distributed system is: A

  1. COP 6611 Advanced Operating System Introduction Chi Zhang czhang@cs.fiu.edu 1 Outline ! Goals ! Hardware Concepts ! Software Concepts ! The Client-Server Model 2 1

  2. Definition of a Distributed System (1) ! A distributed system is: A collection of independent computers that appears to its users as a single coherent system. ! Goals ! Utilizing distributed resources ! Transparency ! Open / Extensible ! Scalable 3 Definition of a Distributed System (2) 1.1 A distributed system organized as middleware. Note that the middleware layer extends over multiple machines. 4 2

  3. Transparency in a Distributed System Transparency Description Hide differences in data representation and how a Access resource is accessed Location Hide where a resource is located Migration Hide that a resource may move to another location Hide that a resource may be moved to another Relocation location while in use Hide that a resource may be shared by several Replication competitive users Hide that a resource may be shared by several Concurrency competitive users Failure Hide the failure and recovery of a resource Hide whether a (software) resource is in memory or Persistence on disk Different forms of transparency in a distributed system. 5 Scalability Problems ! More users / resources ! Geographically scalable ! Administratively scalable Concept Example Centralized services A single server for all users Centralized data A single on-line telephone book Centralized algorithms Doing routing based on complete information Examples of scalability limitations. 6 3

  4. Scaling Techniques (1) ! Hiding communication latencies ! Asynchronous communication ! Moving server tasks to clients ! (Server) Distribution ! Replication ! Increase availability ! Load balancing ! Access nearby copy 7 Scaling Techniques (2) 1.4 The difference between letting: a) a server or b) a client check forms as they are being filled 8 4

  5. Scaling Techniques (3) 1.5 An example of dividing the DNS name space into zones. 9 Hardware Concepts 1.6 Homogeneous vs. Heterogeneous 10 5

  6. Multiprocessors (1) 1.7 A bus-based multiprocessor . 11 Multiprocessors (2) 1.8 a) A crossbar switch b) An omega switching network 12 6

  7. Homogeneous Multicomputer Systems 1-9 a) Grid b) Hypercube System Area Networks (SAN) 13 Heterogeneous Multicomputer Systems ! Most distributed systems ! Lack a global system view ! Operating system does not know how many computers in the system ! Applications are aware of distributed ness (without middleware) ! Applications cannot assume the same performance or services everywhere 14 7

  8. Software Concepts System Description Main Goal Tightly-coupled operating system for multi- Hide and manage DOS processors and homogeneous hardware multicomputers resources Loosely-coupled operating system for Offer local NOS heterogeneous multicomputers (LAN and services to remote WAN) clients Provide Additional layer atop of NOS implementing Middleware distribution general-purpose services transparency An overview of • DOS (Distributed Operating Systems) • NOS (Network Operating Systems) • Middleware 15 Uniprocessor Operating Systems 1.11 Separating applications from operating system code through a microkernel. 16 8

  9. Multiprocessor Operating Systems (1) ! High Performance with Multiple CPUs ! One thread per CPU ! Communication through shared memory location ! Protect data against simultaneous accesses ! Semaphore ! Monitor 17 Multiprocessor Operating Systems (2) monitor Counter { private: int count = 0; public: int value() { return count;} void incr () { count = count + 1;} void decr() { count = count – 1;} } A monitor to protect an integer against concurrent access. 18 9

  10. Multicomputer Operating Systems (1) 1.14 General structure of a multicomputer operating system 19 Multicomputer Operating Systems (2) 1.15 Alternatives for blocking and buffering in message passing. 20 10

  11. Multicomputer Operating Systems (3) Reliable comm. Synchronization point Send buffer guaranteed? Block sender until buffer not full Yes Not necessary Block sender until message sent No Not necessary Block sender until message received No Necessary Block sender until message delivered No Necessary Relation between blocking, buffering, and reliable communications. 21 Distributed Shared Memory Systems (1) a) Pages of address space distributed among four machines b) Situation after CPU 1 references page 10 c) Situation if page 10 is read only and replication is used 22 11

  12. Distributed Shared Memory Systems (2) 1.18 False sharing of a page between two independent processes. 23 Network Operating System (1) 1-19 General structure of a network operating system. 24 12

  13. Network Operating System (2) 1-20 Two clients and a server in a network operating system. 25 Introduction to Middleware ! NOS + MiddlewareNOS: Scalable / Open ! DOS: Transparent ! Middleware models ! Distributed file systems / distributed database ! Remote procedures calls (RPC) ! Distributed Objects ! Middleware services ! Naming, persistence, transactions … 26 13

  14. Positioning Middleware 1-22 General structure of a distributed system as middleware. 27 Middleware and Openness 1.23 In an open middleware-based distributed system, the protocols used by each middleware layer should be the same, as well as the interfaces they offer to applications. 28 14

  15. Comparison between Systems Distributed OS Network Middleware- I tem OS based OS Multiproc. Multicomp. Degree of transparency Very High High Low High Same OS on all nodes Yes Yes No No Number of copies of OS 1 N N N Shared Basis for communication Messages Files Model specific memory Global, Global, Resource management Per node Per node central distributed Scalability No Moderately Yes Varies Openness Closed Closed Open Open A comparison between multiprocessor operating systems, multicomputer operating systems, network operating 29 systems, and middleware based distributed systems. Clients and Servers 1.25 General interaction between a client and a server. Underlying protocols: Reliable or Unreliable? 30 15

  16. Processing Level 1-28 The general organization of an Internet search engine into three different layers 31 Multitiered Architectures (1) 1-29 Alternative client-server organizations (a) – (e). 32 16

  17. Multitiered Architectures (2) 1-30 An example of a server acting as a client. 33 Modern Architectures 1-31 An example of horizontal distribution of a Web service. 34 17

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