ENCE 688R Civil Information Systems Introduction, Motivation, and Drivers Mark Austin E-mail: austin@isr.umd.edu Department of Civil/Environmental Engineering and ISR, University of Maryland, College Park – p. 1/66
Lecture 1: Topics Part 1: A Little History • Early Civil Engineering, Industrial Revolution, Landmarks in American Civil Engineering Part 2: Civil Engineering Today • Areas of Concern and Challenges, Role of Computing, Engineering Modern Skyscrapers. Part 3: Civil Systems Drivers • Infrastructure Crisis, World Urbanization, Sustainable Systems Design, Cascading Network Failures, Automated Systems Safety. Part 4: Information-Age Systems • Capability, Cyberphysical Systems. Part 5: Recurring Themes – p. 2/66
Part 1. Introduction Part 1. A Little History – p. 3/66
What is Civil Engineering? Here’s what Wikipedia says Civil Engineering deals with (Civil Engineering, Wikipedia) ... ... the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including roads, bridges, canals, dams, and buildings. After military engineering, civil engineering is the oldest engineering profession. Goals during Early Civilization The earliest examples of civil engineering occured during the period 4000 BC – 6000 BC. • Problems of survival and basic systems were solved. • Design and construction methods evolved. – p. 4/66
What is Civil Engineering? Exemplars of Early Work • Great Pyramid of Giza, Egypt (20 year construction; finished 2556 BC). • The Parthenon in Ancient Greece (447-438 BC). • Construction of the Great Wall of China (220 BC). • The Romans developed civil structures throughout their empire, including especially aqueducts, insulae, harbours, bridges, dams and roads. – p. 5/66
The Industrial Revolution Fast forward to the Industrial Revolution Year Milestone 1692 Languedoc Canal. 240 miles long. 100 locks. 3 major aqueducts. 1708 Jethro Tull’s mechanical seed sower → large-scale planting/cultivation. 1765 Invention of the spinning jenny/wheel automates weaving of cloth. 1775 Watt’s first efficient steam engine. 1801 Robert Trevithick demonstrates a steam locomotive. 1821 Faraday demonstrates electro-magnetic rotation → electric motor. 1834 Charles Babbage analytic engine → forerunner of the computer. 1903 Wright brothers make first powered flight. 1908 Henry Ford mass-produces the Model T. Source: The Industrial Revolution: A Timeline. – p. 6/66
The Industrial Revolution Advances in Civil Engineering during the Industrial Revolution Year Milestone 1854 Bessemer invents steel converter. 1849 Monier develops reinforced concrete. 1863 Siemens-Martin open hearth process makes steel available in bulk. – p. 7/66
Landmarks in American Civil Engineering Early Skyscrapers Skyscrapers (1890s) create habitable spaces in tall buildings for office workers. Enablers Example: Empire State Building • New materials → design of tall structures having large open interior spaces. • Elevators (1857) → vertical trans- portation building occupants. • Mechanical systems → delivery of water, heating and cooling. • Collections of skyscrapers → high- density CBDs/commuter society. – p. 8/66
Landmarks in American Civil Engineering Exemplars of Work from the 1800s and 1900s From the 1800s From the 1900s Erie Canal (1825) New York City Subway (1904) Transcontinental Railroad (1869) The Panama Canal (1914) Brooklyn Bridge (1883) Holland Tunnel (1927) Washington Monument (1884) Empire State Building (1931). Hoover Dam (1936). Golden Gate Bridge (1937) Interstate Highway System (1956) Source: Celebrating the Greatest Profession, Magazine of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 72, No. 11, 2002. – p. 9/66
The Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution Actually Changed the World! Stage 1 Stage 2 Characteristics Mechanical Era Electrical Era Onset in the U.S. Late 1700s. Late 1800s. Economic Focus Agriculture/Mining Manufacturing Productivity Focus Farming Factory Underlying Technologies Mechanical Tools ElectroMechanical Product Lifecycle Decades Years Human Contribution Muscle Power Muscle/Brain Power Living Standard Subsistence Quality of Goods Geographical Impact Family/Locale Regional/National – p. 10/66
The Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution Actually Changed the World! During 1730 - 1749 ... • 74.5% of children born in London who died before the age of five. By 1810 - 1829 ... • 31.8% of children born in London who died before the age of five. – p. 11/66
Part 2. Civil Engineering Today Part 2. Civil Engineering Today – p. 12/66
Civil Engineering Today Areas of Concern – Not much change during past 200 years. • Planning, design, construction and operation of buildings and bridges, highways, rapid transit and rail systems, ports and harbors, airports, tunnels and underground construction, and dams. • Includes urban and city planning, water and land pollution and treatment problems, and disposal of hazardous wastes and chemicals. Challenges • Design and management problems are fraught with uncertain information, multiple objectives, conflicting objectives, numerous and conflicting constituencies. • Solutions require consideration of human, social, economic, and technological systems. • Solutions require multi-disciplinary expertise to design, maintain, manage and, eventually, retire systems. – p. 13/66
Civil Engineering Today Since 1990 we have been in an Information Era Stage 2 Stage 3 Characteristics Electrical Era Information Era Onset in the U.S. Late 1800s. Late 1900s. Economic Focus Manufacturing Services Underlying Technologies ElectroMechanical Information and Connectivity Product Lifecycle Years Months Living Standard Quality of Goods Quality of Life Geographical Impact Regional/National Global Civil Engineers need to ... ... create the infrastructure for citizens of the Information Era. – p. 14/66
Civil Engineering Today Information Era: A Partnership between Man and Machine The traditional role of man and machine is facilitated by complementary strengths and weaknesses. Man Machine • Good at formulating solutions to prob- • Manipulates Os and 1s. lems. • Very specific abilities. • Can work with incomplete data and • Requires precise decriptions of prob- information. lem solving procedures. • Creative. • Dumb, but very fast. • Reasons logically, but very slow... • Performance doubles every 18-24 • Performance is static. months. • Humans break the rules. • Machines will follow the rules. – p. 15/66
Civil Engineering Today Sensible Problem Solving Strategy Let engineers and computers do what they are best at. This strategy: 1. Accelerates the solution procedure. 2. Enables the analysis of problems having size and complexity beyond manual examination. Getting things to work ... ... we need to describe to the computer solution procedures that are completely unambiguous. That is, we will need to look at data, organization and manipulation of data, and formal languages. – p. 16/66
Civil Engineering Today Expectations Expand to Improve Quality of Life. Economics of computing and systems development H = Hardware S = Software Cost of development S S S H H H Task−oriented programs Integrated systems and Integrated systems and and modules. services. services. Centralized operations Distributed operations. Dynamic and mobile distributed operations. 1970’s and early 1980s. Early 1990s Mid 1990s − today – p. 17/66
Civil Engineering Today History tells us that it takes about a decade for significant advances in computing capability to occur ... Capability 1970s 1980s 1990s Specialists Individuals Groups of people Users Numerical compu- Desktop computing E-mail, web, file Usage tations transfer. Type at keyboard Graphical screen audio/voice. Interaction and mouse Fortran C, C++, MATLAB HTML, Java. Languages Table 1: Decade-long stages in the evolution of computing focus and capability. In the 1990s, mainstream computing capability expanded to take advantage of networking. – p. 18/66
Civil Engineering Today Example. Engineering Modern Skyscrapers Modern buildings are: ... advanced, self-contained and tightly controlled environments designed to provide services (e.g., transportation, artificial lighting, ..etc.). The design of modern buildings is complicated by: 1. Necessity of performance-based design and real-time management. 2. Many stakeholders (owners, inhabitants), some with competing needs. 3. Large size (e.g., 30,000 occupants; thousands of points of sensing and controls for air quality and fire protection.) 4. Intertwined network structures for the arrangement of spaces, fixed circulatory systems (power, hvac, plumbing), dynamic circulatory systems (flows of energy through rooms). 5. System functionality is controlled by software! – p. 19/66
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