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Introduction Introduction Srinidhi Varadarajan What is a network? - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Introduction Introduction Srinidhi Varadarajan What is a network? What is a network? Carrier of information between connected entities What does a network consist of? End hosts connected to the network Routers/switches that move

  1. Introduction Introduction Srinidhi Varadarajan

  2. What is a network? What is a network? � Carrier of information between connected entities � What does a network consist of? – End hosts connected to the network – Routers/switches that move data through the network – Physical links that carry information • E.g. Ethernet, FDDI, ATM, Token Ring – Applications that communicate with each other to provide services • E-Mail, File Transfer, Web Browser

  3. What is an internetwork internetwork? ? What is an � A set of connected networks is called an internetwork. � The Internet is a specific example of an internetwork. – The Internet is characterized by the use of a common network protocol (IP). � An internetwork need NOT be connected to the Internet

  4. Internet: Components Internet: Components rout er � Network edge: workst at ion – millions of connected server computing devices running mobile network apps local I SP – pc’s workstations, servers – PDA’s phones, toasters regional I SP � Network core: – routers: forward packets (chunks) of data thru network � Media: – communication links: fiber, copper, radio, satellite company net work

  5. Internet: Components Internet: Components � protocols : control rout er sending, receiving of workst at ion msgs server mobile – e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, FTP, local I SP PPP � Internet: “network of networks” regional I SP – loosely hierarchical – public Internet versus private intranet � Internet standards – RFC: Request for comments company – IETF: Internet Engineering net work Task Force

  6. Internet: Services Internet: Services � communication infrastructure enables distributed applications: – WWW, email, games, e-commerce, database., voting, – more? � communication services provided: – connectionless – connection-oriented � cyberspace [Gibson]: “a consensual hallucination experienced daily by billions of operators, in every nation, ...."

  7. What’s a protocol? What’s a protocol? human protocols: network protocols: � “what’s the time?” � machines rather than humans � “I have a question” � all communication � introductions activity in Internet governed by protocols … specific msgs sent … specific actions protocols define format, taken when msgs order of msgs sent and received, or other received among network events entities, and actions taken on msg transmission, receipt

  8. A closer look at network structure A closer look at network structure � network edge: applications and hosts � network core: – routers – network of networks � access networks, physical media: communication links

  9. The Network Edge The Network Edge � end systems (hosts): – run application programs – e.g., WWW, email – at “edge of network” � client/server model – client host requests, receives service from server – e.g., WWW client (browser)/ server; email client/server � peer-peer model: – host interaction symmetric – e.g.: teleconferencing

  10. Network edge: connection- -oriented service oriented service Network edge: connection Goal: data transfer TCP service [RFC 793] between end sys. � reliable, in-order byte- � handshaking: setup stream data transfer (prepare for) data – loss: acknowledgements transfer ahead of time and retransmissions – set up “state” in two � flow control: communicating hosts � TCP - Transmission – sender won’t overwhelm Control Protocol receiver – Internet’s connection- � congestion control: oriented service – senders “slow down sending rate” when network congested

  11. Network edge: connectionless service Network edge: connectionless service Goal: data transfer App’s using TCP: between end � HTTP (WWW), FTP (file systems transfer), Telnet – same as before! (remote login), SMTP � UDP - User Datagram (email) Protocol [RFC 768]: Internet’s connectionless service App’s using UDP: – unreliable data � streaming media, transfer teleconferencing, – no flow control Internet telephony – no congestion control

  12. The Network Core The Network Core � mesh of interconnected routers � the fundamental question: how is data transferred through net? – circuit switching: dedicated circuit per call: telephone net – packet-switching: data sent thru net in discrete “chunks”

  13. Network Core: Circuit Switching Network Core: Circuit Switching End-end resources reserved for “call” � link bandwidth, switch capacity � dedicated resources: no sharing � circuit-like (guaranteed) performance � call setup required

  14. Network Core: Circuit Switching Network Core: Circuit Switching � network resources (e.g., bandwidth) divided into “pieces” � pieces allocated to calls � resource piece idle if not used by owning call (no sharing) � dividing link bandwidth into “pieces” – frequency division – time division

  15. Network Core: Packet Switching Network Core: Packet Switching each end-end data stream resource contention: divided into packets � aggregate resource � user A, B packets share demand can exceed network resources amount available � each packet uses full link � congestion: packets bandwidth queue, wait for link � resources used as use needed , � store and forward: packets move one hop Bandwidth division into at a time “pieces” – transmit over link Dedicated allocation – wait turn at next link Resource reservation

  16. Network Core: Packet Switching Network Core: Packet Switching 10 Mbs C Et hernet A st at ist ical mult iplexing 1.5 Mbs B queue of packet s 45 Mbs wait ing f or out put link D E

  17. Network Core: Packet Switching Network Core: Packet Switching Message Switching Segmented Packet Switching

  18. Packet switching versus circuit switching Packet switching versus circuit switching Packet switching allows more users to use network! � 1 Mbit link � each user: – 100Kbps when “active” – active 10% of time N users � circuit-switching: – 10 users 1 Mbps link � packet switching: – with 35 users, probability > 10 active less that .004

  19. Packet switching versus circuit switching Packet switching versus circuit switching Is packet switching the “ultimate solution” � Great for bursty data – resource sharing – no call setup � Excessive congestion: packet delay and loss – protocols needed for reliable data transfer, congestion control � Q: How to provide circuit-like behavior? – bandwidth guarantees needed for audio/video apps still an unsolved problem

  20. Packet- -switched networks: routing switched networks: routing Packet � Goal: move packets among routers from source to destination � datagram network: – destination address determines next hop – routes may change during session – analogy: driving, asking directions � virtual circuit network: – each packet carries tag (virtual circuit ID), tag determines next hop – fixed path determined at call setup time , remains fixed thru call – routers maintain per-call state

  21. Access networks and physical media Access networks and physical media Q: How to end systems connect to an edge router? � residential access nets � institutional access networks (school, company) � mobile access networks Keep in mind: � bandwidth (bits per second) of access network? � shared or dedicated?

  22. Residential access: point to point access Residential access: point to point access � Dialup via modem – up to 56Kbps direct access to router (conceptually) � ISDN: integrated services digital network: 128Kbps all- digital connect to router � ADSL: asymmetric digital subscriber line – up to 1 Mbps home-to- router – up to 8 Mbps router-to- home

  23. Residential access: cable modems Residential access: cable modems � HFC: hybrid fiber coax – asymmetric: up to 10Mbps upstream, 1 Mbps downstream � network of cable and fiber attaches homes to ISP router – shared access to router among home – issues: congestion, dimensioning � deployment: available via cable companies, e.g., MediaOne

  24. Institutional access: local area networks Institutional access: local area networks � company/univ local area network (LAN) connects end system to edge router � Ethernet: – shared or dedicated cable connects end system and router – 10 Mbs, 100Mbps, Gigabit Ethernet � deployment: institutions, home LANs soon

  25. Wireless access networks Wireless access networks � shared wireless access network connects end system to router rout er � wireless LANs: base – radio spectrum replaces st at ion wire – e.g., Lucent Wavelan 10 Mbps � wider-area wireless access mobile – CDPD: wireless access host s to ISP router via cellular network

  26. Physical Media Physical Media Twisted Pair (TP) � two insulated copper � physical link: wires transmitted data bit – Category 3: traditional propagates across phone wires, 10 Mbps link ethernet � guided media: – Category 5 TP: – signals propagate in 100Mbps ethernet solid media: copper, fiber � unguided media: – signals propagate freelye.g., radio

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