Internet Protocol v6 October 25, 2016 v6@nkn.in
Table of Content • Why IPv6? Why IPv6? • IPv6 Address Space IPv6 Address Space • Customer LAN Migration • Customer LAN Migration
• Why IPv6? Why IPv6? • IPv6 Address Space IPv6 Address Space • Customer LAN migration • Customer LAN migration
IPv4 DASH BOARD THE REASON For IPv6 • The IANA pool of available IPv4 addresses was exhausted on 3 February, 2011. • APNIC is allocating IPv4 Addresses from its last /8 IPv4 block. Microsoft has managed to purchase 666,624 IP addresses from the bankrupt Canadian company Nortel for $7.5m . This works out to $11.25/IP. An exact list of blocks isn't available.
Address Distribution I ETF I ANA RI R I SP Regional Internet Registries (RIRs) distribute IPv4, IPv6, and AS numbers End to the Internet community User
RIRs
• Why IPv6? Why IPv6? • IPv6 Address Space IPv6 Address Space • Customer LAN migration • Customer LAN migration
IPv6 Address Space • IPv6 Address is of 128 bits IPv6 Address is of 128 bits • This means, total 340 282 366 920 938 463 463 This means, total 340 282 366 920 938 463 463 374 607 431 768 211 456 IPv6 addresses are 374 607 431 768 211 456 IPv6 addresses are possible possible • About 3.4×10 38 (340 trillion trillion trillion) unique • About 3.4×10 38 (340 trillion trillion trillion) unique IPv6 addresses. IPv6 addresses. This means, we can roughly assigned 48,000 trillion This means, we can roughly assigned 48,000 trillion trillion IPv6 addresses to every person trillion IPv6 addresses to every person Or, 6.7×10 23 address to per m 2 of land Or, 6.7×10 23 address to per m 2 of land
How a IPv6 Address Space Look? • x: x: x: x: x: x: x: x • where x represents 16 bits written in hexadecimal format • 2001: 4408: 0000: 0000: C1C0: 0000: ABCD: 0786 • Case insensitive • 2001: 4408: 0000: 0000: c1c0: 0000: abcd: 0786 • Block of zero’s can be replaced with (: : ) but only once • 2001: 4408: : C1C0: 0000: ABCD: 0786 • 2001: 4408: : C1C0: 0000: ABCD: 0786 • Leading zero’s can be omitted and but not the trailing one • 2001: 4408: : C1C0: 0000: ABCD: 786 • In URL, it is enclosed in brackets http: / / [ 2001: 4408: : C1C0: 0000: ABCD: 786] / index.html http: / / [ 2001: 4408: : C1C0: 0000: ABCD: 786] : 8080/ index.html
How a IPv6 Address Space Look? • 128 bit address Network Portion Interface ID Global Unicast Identifier gggg: gggg: gggg: ssss: xxxx: xxxx: xxxx: xxxx Global Routing Prefix Subnet ID Host n <= 48 bits 64 – n bits Example (Full Format) 2405: 8a00: 0000: 0001: 0000: 0000: 0000: A100 Abbreviated format 2405: 8a00: 0: 1 : : A100
IPv6 – Address Scope • Interface “expected” to have Interface “expected” to have multiple addresses multiple addresses • IPv6 node MUST support IPv6 node MUST support Global Unique Local Link Local multicast multicast • Addresses have scope • Addresses have scope – Link Local (FE80::/10) Link Local (FE80::/10) – Unique Local (FC00::/7) Unique Local (FC00::/7) – Global (2000::/3) Global (2000::/3)
IPv6 – Address Types Types of IPv6 Addresses Types of IPv6 Addresses – Unicast Unicast A unicast address identifies a single A unicast address identifies a single network interface. network interface. Link Local – Multicast Multicast Address of a set of interfaces. Address of a set of interfaces. One-to-many delivery to all interfaces One-to-many delivery to all interfaces in the set in the set – Anycast Anycast An anycast address is assigned to a An anycast address is assigned to a group of interfaces, usually belonging to group of interfaces, usually belonging to different nodes. different nodes. No more Broadcast addresses – No more Broadcast addresses
IPv6 Addresses – Unicast and Multicast NKN-SP-LAN#show ipv6 int NKN-SP-LAN#show ipv6 int Link-Local Vlan196 is up, line protocol is up Vlan196 is up, line protocol is up IPv6 is enabled, link-local address is FE80::6E20:56FF:FEC5:47DF IPv6 is enabled, link-local address is FE80::6E20:56FF:FEC5:47DF No Virtual link-local address(es): No Virtual link-local address(es): Description: "LAN SAGEMENT 2 10.1.196.1 " Description: "LAN SAGEMENT 2 10.1.196.1 " Global unicast address(es): Global unicast address(es): 2001:4408:5205:196::1, subnet is 2001:4408:5205:196::/64 2001:4408:5205:196::1, subnet is 2001:4408:5205:196::/64 Joined group address(es): Joined group address(es): Global FF02::1 FF02::1 FF02::2 FF02::2 All nodes FF02::1:2 FF02::1:2 FF02::1:FF00:1 FF02::1:FF00:1 All routers All routers FF02::1:FFC5:47DF FF02::1:FFC5:47DF FF02::1:FFC5:47DF FF02::1:FFC5:47DF MTU is 1500 bytes MTU is 1500 bytes ICMP error messages limited to one every 100 milliseconds ICMP error messages limited to one every 100 milliseconds ICMP redirects are enabled ICMP redirects are enabled Solicit node multicast Address ICMP unreachable are sent ICMP unreachable are sent ND DAD is enabled, number of DAD attempts: 1 ND DAD is enabled, number of DAD attempts: 1 ND reachable time is 30000 milliseconds (using 30000) ND reachable time is 30000 milliseconds (using 30000) ND advertised reachable time is 0 (unspecified) ND advertised reachable time is 0 (unspecified) ND advertised retransmit interval is 0 (unspecified) ND advertised retransmit interval is 0 (unspecified) ND router advertisements are sent every 200 seconds ND router advertisements are sent every 200 seconds ND router advertisements live for 1800 seconds ND router advertisements live for 1800 seconds ND advertised default router preference is High ND advertised default router preference is High Hosts use DHCP to obtain routable addresses. Hosts use DHCP to obtain routable addresses.
IPv6 Address Type • Unicast address scope Unicast address scope – Link local: Non routable exists on L2 domain Link local: Non routable exists on L2 domain (FE80::/10) (FE80::/10) FE8 0 :0 0 0 0 :0 0 0 0 :0 0 0 0 : xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx – Unique-Local (ULA) – Routable with an administrative Unique-Local (ULA) – Routable with an administrative domain (similar to RFC 1918) (FC00::/7) domain (similar to RFC 1918) (FC00::/7) FC0 0 :gggg:gggg: ssss: xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx – Global – Routable across the Internet (2000::/3) Global – Routable across the Internet (2000::/3) 2 0 0 0 :gggg:gggg: ssss: xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx • Multicast addresses Multicast addresses – begin with FF00::/8 begin with FF00::/8 XXXX:XXXX:XXXX:XXXX:XXXX:XXXX:XXXX FF00 :
IPv6 Address Types Address Type IPv6 Binary Prefix IPv6 Prefix IPv4 Prefix Unspecified 000……0 (128 bits) ::/128 0.0.0.0/0 Loopback 000…..01 (128 bits) ::1/128 127.0.0.1 Unique Local 1111 110 FC00::/7 RFC 1918 RFC 1918 Address {10.0.0.0/8, {10.0.0.0/8, 172.16.0.0/12, 172.16.0.0/12, 192.168.0.0/16} 192.168.0.0/16} Link-local Unicast 1111 1110 10 FE80::/10 --- 224.0.0.0-239.255.255.255 Multicast 1111 1111 FF00::/8 Global Unicast 001 2000::/3 Class A, B & C
IPv4 & IPv6 Header Comparison IPv6 Header Header IPv4 Header IPv4 Header Version IHL Type of Service Total Length Version Traffic Class Flow Label Identification Flags Fragment Offset Payload Length Next Header Hop Limit Time to Live Protocol Header Checksum Source Address Source Address Source Address Destination Address - field’s name kept from IPv4 to IPv6 Legend - fields not kept in IPv6 Destination Address - Name & position changed in IPv6 - New field in IPv6
IPv4 Header • • The IPv4 packet header consists of 14 fields, of which 13 are required. The The IPv4 packet header consists of 14 fields, of which 13 are required. The 14th field is optional (red background in table) and aptly named: options. • Internet Header Length (IHL) – The second field (4 bits) is the Internet Header Length (IHL), which is the number of 32-bit words in the header. – The minimum value for this field is 5 (RFC 791), which is a length of 5× 32 = 160 bits = 20 bytes. Being a 4-bit value, the maximum length is 15 words (15× 32 bits) or 480 bits = 60 bytes.
Control Protocol(s) • IPv4 Control Protocols: IPv4 Control Protocols: – ARP (for Ethernet) ARP (for Ethernet) – ICMP ICMP – IGMP IGMP • IPv6 Control Protocols: IPv6 Control Protocols: – ICMPv6 ICMPv6 (IPv6 Next Header Value 58) (IPv6 Next Header Value 58) Must be fully implemented and supported Must be fully implemented and supported
MULTICAST • IPv6 node MUST support Multicast IPv6 node MUST support Multicast All node with “ similar ” addresses share the same All node with “ similar ” addresses share the same • solicited-node multicast addresses solicited-node multicast addresses • Solicited-node multicast address format: Solicited-node multicast address format: – – Globally-assigned prefix FF02::1:FF00:0/104 Globally-assigned prefix FF02::1:FF00:0/104 – low-order 24 bits of a node address low-order 24 bits of a node address Example: a node 2405:8A00:100:200::A101:3258 Example: a node 2405:8A00:100:200::A101:3258 joins the multicast group FF02::1:FF01:3258 joins the multicast group FF02::1:FF01:3258 FF02:0:0:0:0:1:FF01:3258 (expanded form) FF02:0:0:0:0:1:FF01:3258 (expanded form)
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