IMPROVING FOOD-SAFETY IN AN INNOVATION SYSTEMS FRAMEWORK: METHODOLOGIES TO HELP ADDRESS KNOWLEDGE, INCENTIVE AND CO-ORDINATION FAILURES Asif Bin Qutub 1 , Rameswar Deka 1 , Islam Barburah 2 , Dilip Sarma 3 , Derek Baker 4 , William Thorpe 4 , Delia Grace* 4 1 ILRI coordination office, Directorate of Dairy Development, Khanapara, Guwahti-781022, Assam 2 Fellowship for Agri Resource Management and Entrepreneurship Research, Guwahti, Assam 3 Centre for Humanistic Development, Guwahti, Assam 4 International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi *corresponding author INNOVATION ASIA PACIFIC SYMPOSIUM 4-7 May,2009 Kathmandu, Nepal 1
INTRODUCTION � FBD is a major cause of sickness and death in poor countries. � High-level of FBD in DC shows current food safety systems don’t work � A project ‘Enhancing Traditional Dairy Value Chain’ funded by DFID, UK under the RIU programme is addressing the food safety failure in Assam, using a sectoral innovation system approach (SISA) . � SISA implies we need to understand: � Knowledge/Information genesis & flow, � Incentives for behaviour change, � Coordination /linkage between actors. � In order to design a sustainable and appropriate mechanism for improving the quality and safety of milk. � Thus assuring the livelihoods of those in the informal milk sector value chain. 2
CASE STUDY- TRADITIONAL DAIRYING IN ASSAM Findings from the previous survey: � Many poor farmers keep cattle and rely on milk sales - 82% keep cattle & 64% cattle keepers are poor, 45% sell milk, 23% rank dairying 1 st /2 nd cash source. � Nearly all milk and milk products are informally marketed - 97% is informal, pasteurised is <1% milk, Chilling plants (7) operate 3-34% capacity. � Demand for milk and added value product is increasing. � No training or quality assurance exists in the informal sector. � High burden of informality to poor people (unsafe milk, un-official tax, lack of official recognition/support, lack societal respect) � Of most concern to other stakeholders is the quality and safety of milk and milk products – •80% of samples have faecal contamination, 21% of milk volume consists of added water. •And consumers have a high level of concern over milk quality - 42% consumers distrust milk quality. 3
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE PROJECT � MILK INNOVATION SYSTEM The various actors (Producers, Traders, Sweet Makers, Cottage Processor) � that operate in the sector, their interactions, the environment in which they operate, which together and individually produce and/or transfer economically and/or socially useful knowledge. � The Central Innovations are: Training and certification of informal sector milk chain actors. � Processes of engaging with policy and decision makers to ensure a more � enabling environment for the informal sector. � To increase likelihood of sustainability we are trying to understand: 1. Knowledge/Information genesis & flow, 2. Incentives for behaviour change, 3. Coordination /linkage between actors. 4
1. INFORMATION GENESIS & FLOW Knowledge /Information Failure • Ensure that training •Poor Understanding and Practice context will be relevant to of Milk Hygiene. 1. Problem a wide range of potential •Poor Business skills trainees. •Poor Communication. 6. Evaluation 2. Results of the Problem 5. Implementation of 3. 3. Critical •In-depth understanding of the Methodology Assumptions existing KAP; needs and desires • KAP Survey: Questionnaires, 4. Methodology for information Sample collection & analysis. to address the •Disseminating or Building on • TNA: FGD with the actors using Problem wealth of indigenous technical TNA guide and Templates.. knowledge and local expertise • Risk Assessment: Syndromic Surveillance Questionnaire, Milk collection & analysis at the point •Knowledge, Attitude & Practice of consumption. (KAP) Survey. •Training Needs Assessment (TNA). •Participatory Risk Assessment (PRA). 5
2. INCENTIVES FOR BEHAVIOUR CHANGE Incentive Failure • Control & Command’ not Identify incentives required working . for innovation. • Rules are not internalised by 1. Problem` market actors 6. Evaluation 2. Results of the Problem 5. Implementation 3. 3. Critical The Value Chain Analysis is of Methodology Assumptions being carried out through •Market-based incentives 4. Methodology FGDs to: might exist for changing to address the � Gather information to behaviour. problem map the value chain and quality criteria used along the chain. � Eliciting how key quality criteria are influenced . • Value Chain Analysis around a � Ranking of key incentives. value chain (e.g. producers, � I nvestigating Interventions traders, processors, retailers) . on training, certification and marketing campaign. 6
3. COORDINATION/LINKAGE BETWEEN ACTORS Coordination Failure Examine whether the target groups/actors maintaining the system now have and use the knowledge and skills, tools, 1. Problem • Lack of official recognition. and other resources • Distrust. needed to keep • High transaction costs 6. Evaluation it running in the long term. 2. Results of the Problem 5. Implementation 3. 3. Critical •Improving coordination of Methodology Assumptions The Outcome Mapping involves would increase value chain three stages of thinking: 4. Methodology � Intentional Design. performance. to address the � Outcome and Performance problem Monitoring. � Evaluation Planning • Outcome Mapping for understanding the relations between actors and identifying strategies for more effective patterns of coordination 7
CONCLUSION � The sectoral innovation system is helping us to identify critical components of an innovation based on training and certification. � The different methodologies (KAP, TNA, VCA, PRA, OM), help us to: • E xamine the relation between good and bad practices and safety of milk. • Ensure training will be relevant to a wide range of potential trainees including those who many have difficulty in accessing training. •Understand which practices led to unsafe milk. •Identify the incentives to change behaviour (e.g. branding, social marketing). • Examine whether the target groups/actors in the milk value chain adopt the knowledge and skills, tools, and other resources to keep it running in the long term. � Initial results suggested that these methodologies were feasible, appropriate and capable of generating the information and engagement needed for implementation of the project. � The Next Steps : •Synthesising information from these studies in order to adapt training materials on milk-hygiene and business management to the informal dairy sector in Assam •Design of an Incentive- based mechanism : — Sustainable continuation of the training and certification. — Strategies to ensure an enabling environment. 8
THANK YOU 9
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