ILO training 8 December Introduction to Climate Change, UNFCCC, - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

ILO training 8 December Introduction to Climate Change, UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol and the Climate Change negotiations Ivo Besselink UNDP Asia-Pacific Resource Centre Bangkok Ivo.besselink@undp.org

Contents Green jobs in the context of climate change: • Introduction in Climate Change • Introduction to UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol and CDM • Introduction to the ongoing climate change negotiations �

Contents Green jobs in the context of climate change: • Introduction in Climate Change • Introduction to UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol and CDM • Introduction to the ongoing climate change negotiations �

Emission of Greenhouse Gases Greenhouse Gases (GHG): • CO 2 (carbon dioxide) CO 2 • CH 4 (methane) • N 2 O (Nitrous oxide) • Etc. CO 2 CO 2 CH 4 �

CO2 concentration scenarios �

The Greenhouse Effect N 2 O CH 4 CO 2 �

Global Warming Rise in temperature • Global average temperatures already increased by 0,7° C • Predictions that the global temperature will rise by about 1.4 to 5.8° C by the year 2100 �

Climate Change and some of its effects Droughts Decline of winter Storms �

Reading the Signs � Global mean temperature has increased 0.74 o C during 1906- 2005 and projected to be 1.8 to . 5.4 o C by 2100; � Sea level has risen at the rate 1.8 mm/year since 1961 and 3.1 mm/year since 1993. Likely to rise one metre by next century but with 5 or 10 times that in the following centuries; � Glacier in tropical and temperate is retreating fast – Gangotri has retreated more than 76 metres from 1996 to 1999 �

Pictures of the Netherlands nowadays Land and houses lower than sea level, protected by dikes ��

Picture of the Netherlands in the future? ��

Key impacts stem from reduced water availability. Projected changes (%) in run-off, 21st century. White areas are where less than two-thirds of models agree, hatched are where 90% of models agree (IPCC SYR) ��

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Contents Green jobs in the context of climate change: • Introduction in Climate Change • Introduction to UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol and CDM • Introduction to the ongoing climate change negotiations ��

A bit of History Rio Earth Summit (1992) Secretariat Secretariat Secretariat (Bonn) (Montreal) (Bonn) United Nations United Nations Convention on Convention to Combat Convention on Climate Biological Diversity Desertification Change (UNFCCC) (CBD) (UNCCD) The Convention has the Parties to the desertification Parties to the biodiversity goal of preventing agreement carry out national, treaty undertake to conserve "dangerous" human sub-regional, and regional species, transfer technology, interference with the action programmes and seek to and share in a fair way the climate system. address causes of land benefits arising from the degradation ranging from commercial use of genetic international trade patterns to resources unsustainable land management. ‘Synergies’ Montreal Protocol under Vienna Join Liaison Group Convention for the Protection of (JLG) (2001) the Ozone Layer? ��

UNFCCC (1992) Convention objective: • Allow ecosystems to Achieve stabilization adapt naturally of greenhouse gas to climate change; concentrations in the atmosphere at a within • Ensure food production low enough level to timeframe is not threatened; and prevent “dangerous sufficient to anthropogenic • Enable economic Interference” with development to the climate system proceed sustainably No hard, binding targets: “encouragement of industrialized countries to reduce GHG emissions” UNFCCC ratified by 194 Parties: including Thailand, USA, etc. ��

Three groups under Convention/KP “Common, but differentiated responsibilities” Annex I Annex II Non-Annex I Industrialised Developing countries Industrialised countries countries & Economies in • Provide financial • No quantitative Transition (EITs) obligations resources to enable developing countries to • Adopt policies meet the costs of and measures with implementing measures aim of reducing GHG • Least Developed emissions to 1990 • Promote technology Countries given levels special consideration transfer to EITs and non-Annex I Parties • EITs have “flexibility” in commitments E.g. countries in EU, E.g. India, China, E.g. countries in EU, Japan, USA, etc. Thailand, Laos, Japan, USA, etc. EIT: Romania, Latvia, Cambodia, etc. etc. ��

UNFCCC bodies United Nations Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (1992) Conference of the - prime authority of the Convention •association of all member countries (“Parties") - prime authority of the Convention Parties (COP) Sec. •meets annually for a period of two weeks •evaluates the status of climate change and Bureau of the COP the effectiveness of the treaty •examines the activities of member countries -process Consultative Group Subsidiary Body for management (national communications and emissions Subsidiary Body of Experts on Scientific and inventories) for Implementation National Technological •considers new scientific findings (SBI) Communications Sec. Sec. Advice (SBSTA) •tries to capitalize on experience as efforts to from “non-Annex I address climate change Sec. Parties” (CGE) -counsels the COP -helps review how on matters of Convention is being -helps developing countries Least Developed climate, applied, e.g. analyzing -seeks to spur the sharing prepare national reports on Country Expert environment, the national of technology with less- climate change issues Group (LEG) Sec. technology, and communications. advanced nations method. -deals with financial and - Advises LDCs on Expert Group on - Meets twice a year administrative matters establishing programmes Technology (also GEF). for adapting to cc Transfer (EGTT) -meets twice a year. Sec. ��

Other Stakeholders -UNFCCC Secretariat (Sec.) staffed by international civil servants supports the Convention and its supporting bodies. It makes practical arrangements for meetings, compiles and distributes statistics and information, and assists member countries in meeting their commitments under the Convention. Partner agencies: - Global Environment Facility (GEF): which has existed since 1991 to fund projects in developing countries that will have global environmental benefits. The job of channeling grants and loans to poor countries to help them address climate change, as called for by the Convention, has been delegated to the GEF because of its established expertise. - Observers: groups and agencies allowed to attend and even speak at international meetings, but not to participate in decision-making. E.g. intergovernmental agencies (UNDP, ILO, OPEC) (>50), non-government agencies (business interests, academic and research institutes, WWF, Oxfam, etc.) (>600) . ��

IPCC � the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC): provides services to the Convention, although it is not part of it, through publishing comprehensive reviews every five years of the status of climate change and climate-change science, along with special reports and technical papers on request. � Established by World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in 1988 � The leading scientific body for assessment of climate change ��

First ‘baby’ of UNFCCC United Nations Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (1992) UNFCCC bodies Kyoto Protocol KP ratified by 192 Parties: including Thailand, but not USA (!) (1997) Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of - prime authority of the Protocol the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (CMP) Sec. Bureau And….. 3 more! of the -CDM Executive Board CMP Subsidiary Body - Joint Implementation Subsidiary Body for Implementation Supervisory Committee for Scientific and (SBI) (JISC) Technological -Compliance Advice (SBSTA) Sec. Sec. Committee (CC) Sec. ��

Politics (UNFCCC Conference of Parties) Science (IPCC) 1992: Framework Convention on CC 1990, 1992: FAR 0.3 o C ↑ negotiated 1994: Convention enters into force 1995: SAR 1997: Kyoto Protocol negotiated 2001: Marrakesh Accords * Kyoto Protocol “rules” 2001: TAR * Adaptation on table 1.4-5.8 o C ↑ 2005: Kyoto Protocol enters into force KP Working Group established 2007: Bali Road Map 2007: AR4 1.1-6.4 o C ↑ 2009: COP-15 Copenhagen 2010 today: COP -16 in Cancun 2014: AR5 ��

What are we talking about? Global Climate Change Climate Greenhouse Mitigation : change Adaptation gas emissions reduce impacts reduce emissions, vulnerability reduce Mitigation: to CC magnitude Carbon impacts; of CC sinks : forests reduce (e.g.less linkages and land use losses CO2) changes (CO2 sequestration) �� 23