Heatwaves in Germany 2008 2015 Outline - Questions 1. Is heatwave - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Heatwaves in Germany 2008 2015

Outline - Questions 1. Is heatwave a problem in Germany? 2. Why is it a problem? 3. What is scope of the problem? 4. What are the resilience mechanisms/strategies against heatwaves in Germany? 5. How is the problem addressed and are there successes or failures? 6. Who are the main stakeholders in this field? what are their roles? How they can be more effectively approached?

Background – Heatwaves in Germany

Emdat database – Germany Natural disasters - 1900-2019 Injured Affected Home- Damage Natural disasters N Deaths less (M. US$) Earthquake 3 1 60 1650 200 212 2 609 Epidemic 0 165 Extreme temperature 12 9420 2,030 Flood 24 74 120 547100 29,010 Damage (M US$) Year N 5 Deaths Injured Landslide 1 6 30000 Storm 57 1979 710 1 755 80 30,721 1 Wildfire 1997 1 30 0 Grand Total 100 10210 1100 579359 200 61979 2003 1 9355 1,650 2005 1 1 165 300 2006 2 12 92% of deaths (mostly in 2003); 46 % of damage costs 2009 2 15 2010 1 1 2012 2 6 2018 1 Total 12 9420 165 2,030

Noteworthy heat waves

Hot days and nights in Frankfurt-am-Main since 2001

Trend per Region: Number of Hot Days https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/daten/umwelt-gesundheit/gesundheitsrisiken-durch-hitze#textpart-3

Hot days 2018 (≥ 30 °C) 2003 2015 https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/daten/umwelt-gesundheit/gesundheitsrisiken-durch-hitze

Nuits tropicales (≥20 °C) 2003 2015 2018

Heat waves in Germany • Recurring more frequently • More hot days ( ≥ 30 °C) and tropical nights ( ≥20 °C) • More extreme (higher temperatures) • City Heat Island

Scope & Impact (1) • Environmental impact: – Fish mortality and discharge of power plant effluents into rivers – Eutrophication and blue-green algae danger – Danger for forest fires and tree dying is rising – Effects of drought and heat on biodiversity and endangered species • Economic impact: – Drought in agriculture – …

Scope & Impact (2) • Health impact: mortality and morbidity – Direct heat effect – Mediated through worsened air quality • Heat and sunlight “cook” pollutants present in the air (e.g. NO x ) increasing the levels of ground-level ozone and other aerosols. • Meteorological conditions contributing to stagnating poor-quality air : high temperatures, low precipitation, strong sunlight, and low wind speeds • Worse in urban areas (higher air pollution) • Increased risk of forest fires contributing to air pollution (e.g. Russia, 2010)

Nb of hot days with excess ozone level in Stuttgart https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/daten/umwelt- gesundheit/gesundheitsrisiken-durch-ozon#textpart-1

The 27 examined European countries are severely affected by heat waves. Over 28,000 people die every year due to exposure to extreme heat. On average, 0.61% of all deaths are caused by extreme heat events.

Responses • Ministry of health (BMG) • Ministry of environment (BMU) • Robert Koch Institute (RKI) https://www.rki.de/DE/Content/Kommissionen/UmweltKommission/Stellun gnahmen_Berichte/Downloads/klimawandel_gesundheit_handlungsempfehl ungen_2013.pdf?__blob=publicationFile

Resilience Mechanisms & Strategies Germany • Reduce air pollution – keep NO 2 and ozone levels down • “Since January 2010, one cubic meter (m³) of air in an 8-hour-average may not contain more than 120 microgram ( μg ) of ozone. This value is allowed to be exceeded 25 times in one year.”

Stakeholders • Government agencies – Deutscher Wetterdienst (www.dwd.de): higher federal authority under the Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure. – Deutsche Klimadienst (DKD) (created Oct 2015); network of agrencies including Ministry of Env. and Federal Environmental Agency – CDC (Climate Data Center): weather and climate data + analysis – Umweltbundesamt (Federal environmental agency) • Ministry of health (BMG) • Ministry of environment (BMU) • Robert Koch Institute (RKI)

Stakeholders NGOs • – Bund – Friends of the Earth Germany (www.bund.net) – NABU-Projekt „ StadtKlimaWandel“: www.nabu.de/aktionenundprojekte/stadtklimawandel/ – GRaBS – Green and Blue Space Adaption for Urban Areas and Eco Towns: www.grabs-eu.org Others • – Regionale Klimabüros der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft: www.klimabuero.de – Regionaler Klimaatlas Deutschland: www.regionaler-klimaatlas.de – KlimaMORO – Raumentwicklungsstrategien zum Klimawandel: www.klimamoro.de – KlimaExWoSt – Urbane Strategien zum Klimawandel; StadtKlima – Kommunale Strategien und Potenziale – zum Klimawandel: www.klimaexwost.de – KLIMZUG – Klimawandel in Regionen zukunftsfähig gestalten: www.klimzug.de – Klimalotse – Leitfaden zur Anpassung an den Klimawandel: www.klimalotse.anpassung.net

Summary / conclusions • Heatwaves: an actual and recurrent issue in Germany (“new normal”) • Preparedness to adaptation

Links/ references Gesundheitliche Risiken von Ozon und hoher Lufttemperatur https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/daten/umwelt-gesundheit/gesundheitsrisiken-durch-ozon#textpart-1 https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/1410/publikationen/190211_uba_hg_luftqu alitaet_dt_bf.pdf#page=4&zoom=auto,-13,334 https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/4031/publikationen/uba_krug_muecke.pdf https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/themen/klimawandel-gesundheit-anpassungsmassnahmen-im https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/klimawandel-gesundheit Steffen Merte: Estimating heat wave-related mortality in Europe using singular spectrum analysis. In: Climatic Change. 2017, doi:10.1007/s10584-017-1937-9.

regulations Seit Januar 2010 darf ein Kubikmeter (m³) Luft im 8-Stunden-Mittel nicht mehr als 120 Mikrogramm (µg) Ozon enthalten. Dieser Wert durfte in einem Jahr 25-mal überschritten werden.

Extra slides

2018 - Hot Conditions

2003 2015 2008 http://wiki.bildungsserver.de/klimawandel/ind ex.php/Hitzewellen_Europa

Monthly trends