Great wits are sure to madness near allied / And thin partitions do - PDF document

2017-09-12 ADHD and Creativity ADHD og den kreative hjerne Handlekraft ADHD 2017, Kolding Simon Kyaga 2017-09-07 “Great wits are sure to madness near allied / And thin partitions do their bounds divide.” (Dryden, 1681) 1

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2017-09-12 ”The only Schizophrenia (dementia praecox) Progressive difference Psychosis: aberrant perception of reality between (hallucinations, delusions, cognitive) me and a Bipolar disorder (manic depressive) Intermittent madman is Variation in mood, psychosis (melancholia – depression - mania) that I am Emil Kraepelin (1856-1926) not mad.” Crisis and Creativity • Elliot Jaques (1917-2003) • Midlife Crisis “Death and the Midlife Crisis", Crisis and International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 1965. • Adult development Creativity? 3

2017-09-12 Crisis and Creativity • Midlife Crisis ~35 years of age 1. Creative career ends (Rossini) 2. Death (Mozart, Chopin, Rimbaud) 3. Development (Bach, Gauguin, Goethe) • Method Method • Content – Young, spontaneous, and intensive – The artistic creativity is fast and limited by the creator’s physical limitations to write words, music etc. – Mozart, Rimbaud.. Crisis and Creativity → Content • The change in working methods, then, between the early and mature → Method adulthood is a change from the Method unrestrained to the sculpted creativity. – Mature, sculptural creativity – Young, spontaneous, and • .. the emergence of a tragic intensive – The initial inspiration must first be externalized philosophical content then progresses to – Det artistic creativity is chiselled out in an fast and limited by the the tranquility of creativity in mature interaction between the creator’s physical exteranlized item and the limitations to write words, adulthood .. unconscious inspiration music etc. – Freud.. – Mozart, Rimbaud.. 4

2017-09-12 Why? Why? • The relentless death • The existence of hate and destructiveness The Midlife Crisis The Midlife Crisis when death and human destructiveness - that is, when death and human destructiveness - that when both death and the death instinct is taken is, when both death and the death instinct is into account; the quality and content of the taken into account; the quality and content of creative expressions change to the tragic, reflective and philosophical… the creative expressions change to the tragic, The successful outcome of mature creative reflective and philosophical… work thus lies in the constructive resignation both with regards to the deficiencies in humanity and limitations in the artist’s own work. It is this constructive resignation which then conveys tranquility to life and work. 5

2017-09-12 Posttraumatic growth Posttraumatic growth Some evidence suggests that reminders of A sample of 373 web-users from the United States to report the kinds of adverse events (e.g., disaster, illness, accident, assault, etc.) they had previously experienced one’s mortality can enhance creativity under in their lives. Positive and negative changes in interpersonal relationships predicted increased self-reported creative growth. certain conditions (e.g., Routledge, Arndt, Vess, & Sheldon, 2008). Rwandan sample exposed to the traumatic events of the 1994 genocide. Having come to local clinics seeking mental health services, participants (N = 100) were asked to indicate the degree to which they perceived that their creativity had increased since the genocide (using a 7-point Likert Scale), and to give a qualitative description of the reported changes. The mean level of creative growth reported was 2.26 (SD = 1.77). Frequencies of scores evidenced a bimodal distribution in which 61% of participants reported no change at all in creativity (score of 1 out of 7), while the second largest group of 25% of participants reported a moderate increase in creativity (score of 4 out of 7). Forgeard et al. 2013 Forgeard 2012, 2013 ? Posttraumatic growth Studies on Creativity and Mental Illness Kreativitet och psykisk sjukdom Tidigare forskning A sample of 373 web-users from the United States to report the kinds of adverse events (e.g., disaster, illness, accident, assault, etc.) they had previously experienced in their lives. Positive and negative changes in interpersonal relationships predicted Karlsson 1970 (n=486) Relatives to patients increased self-reported creative growth. with psychosis are Rwandan sample exposed to the traumatic events of the 1994 genocide. Having more often come to local clinics seeking mental health services, participants (N = 100) were creative asked to indicate the degree to which they perceived that their creativity had increased since the genocide (using a 7-point Likert Scale), and to give a qualitative description of the reported changes. The mean level of creative growth reported was 2.26 (SD = 1.77). Frequencies of scores evidenced a bimodal distribution in which 61% of participants reported no change at all in creativity (score of 1 out of 7), while the second largest group of 25% of participants reported a moderate increase in creativity (score of 4 out of 7). Forgeard 2012, 2013 6

2017-09-12 Studies on Creativity and Mental Illness Studies on Creativity and Mental Illness Kreativitet och psykisk sjukdom Kreativitet och psykisk sjukdom Tidigare forskning Tidigare forskning Karlsson 1970 (n=486) Karlsson 1970 (n=486) Nobel laureates 43% bipolar illness Rothenberg 1983 (n=143) Rothenberg 1983 (n=143) (n=18) gave the was reported in fastest opposite Andreasen 1989 (n=60) the writer group responses, and 10% in the whereas patients controls (n=12) responded at the slowest rate. Studies on Creativity and Mental Illness Studies on Creativity and Mental Illness Kreativitet och psykisk sjukdom Kreativitet och psykisk sjukdom Tidigare forskning Tidigare forskning Karlsson 1970 (n=486) Karlsson 1970 (n=486) 38% of the sample 3 % manic episode Rothenberg 1983 (n=143) Rothenberg 1983 (n=143) had been treated 10% in artists, Andreasen 1989 (n=60) for an “affective” Andreasen 1989 (n=60) musicans and illness other classical Jamison 1989 (n=47) Jamison 1989 (n=47) creatives Ludwig 1992 (n=1005) 7

2017-09-12 Studies on Creativity and Mental Illness Studies on Creativity and Mental Illness Kreativitet och psykisk sjukdom Kreativitet och psykisk sjukdom Tidigare forskning Tidigare forskning Karlsson 1970 (n=486) Main criticism is that the authors of these Rothenberg 1983 (n=143) studies both selected study subjects, Andreasen 1989 (n=60) and in general themselves made the Jamison 1989 (n=47) diagnoses without support in recognized Ludwig 1992 (n=1005) diagnostical manuals. This would make the results open to both bias and difficulties in generalization. “..there is no hard proof that highly creative people are more susceptible to mental disorder than anybody else.” Schlesinger 2013 Review on Creativity and Mental Illness – Studies on Creativity and Mental Illness number of studies included Kreativitet och psykisk sjukdom Kreativitet och psykisk sjukdom Tidigare forskning Tidigare forskning Karlsson 1970 (n=486) Coins Rothenberg 1983 (n=143) ”neuroesthetics” Andreasen 1989 (n=60) Jamison 1989 (n=47) Ludwig 1992 (n=1005) Zeki 2001 Thys et al. 2013 8

2017-09-12 Studies on Creativity and Mental Illness Studies on Creativity and Mental Illness Kreativitet och psykisk sjukdom Kreativitet och psykisk sjukdom Tidigare forskning Tidigare forskning Karlsson 1970 (n=486) Karlsson 1970 Increased creativity Rothenberg 1983 (n=143) Rothenberg 1983 with T/T genotype Andreasen 1989 (n=60) in Neuregulin 1, Andreasen 1989 also associated Jamison 1989 (n=47) Jamison 1989 with increased risk Ludwig 1992 (n=1005) Ludwig 1992 for psychosis Zeki 2001 Zeki 2001 Keri 2009 (n=200) Keri 2009 BACKGRUND Question DO PERSONS WITH • LONGSTANDING MYTH SINCE THE CLASSICAL MENTAL DISORDER ANTIQUITY MORE OFTEN HAVE A • WEAK EMPIRICAL CREATIVE OCCUPATION SUPPORT THAN PEOPLE • SWEDENS UNIQUE POSITION WITH WITHOUT A MENTAL NATIONAL REGISTRIES DISORDER? 9

2017-09-12 METHOD Schizophrenia: n=54 042 Bipolar disorder: n=29 644 Unipolar depression: n=217 771 RESULTS Psychiatric disorders – a continuum? Number of individuals in the population Relatives ←← Symptoms (e.g., psychosis) →→ A) Schizophrenia B) Bipolar disorder C) Unipolar depression British Journal of Psychiatry, Kyaga et al., 2011 10

2017-09-12 C? PERSONALITY PROCESS 11

2017-09-12 PLoS One, Manzano et al., 2010 Common sense - invalid Non common sense - valid 12

2017-09-12 "The reasonable man adapts himself to the world; the unreasonable one persists in trying to adapt the world to himself. Therefore all progress depends on the unreasonable man.“ (George Bernard Shaw, 1903) PRODUCT Kyaga et al., 2012 13

2017-09-12 Creativity – current model Types of creative expression J Creative Behav, Kaufman et. al, 2009 Creativity Research Journal, Carson et. al, 2005 Relative with bipolar disorder Relative with autism Humanistic Science 14