NANOTECHNOLOGY : Revolutionary Developments in Future CERN- Academic Training Programme Prof. Marcel Van de Voorde University of Technology Delft Geneva, 24 April 2014
Unit Value in meter 1 m (meter) ………………………………..1 m 1 cm (centimeter) 0.01 m…………… 10−2 m 1 mm (millimeter) 0.001 m …………..10−3 m 1 μm (micrometer or micron) 0.000 001 10−6 m 1 nm (nanometer) 0.000 000 001 ….10−9 m 1 pm (picometer) 0.000 000 000 001. 10−12 m 1 fm (femtometer) 0.000 000 000 000 001 10−15 m Units and sub-units.
Dividing a cube into nanocubes increases a lot the total surface of the system.
The surface of a cube with a side of 1 cm has an area of 6 cm2. If this cube is cut into nanocubes with a side of 1 nm, there will be 10 21 nanocubes with an area of 6 x 10 -14 cm 2 each. This will represent a global area of 6,000 m2. This corresponds to the surface area of 60 houses of 100 m 2 . This demonstrates the power of surfaces at the nanoscale.
Particles (in red) are coated onto the surface of a material (blue). Smaller (nano) particles provide a much better coverage than large particles
Properties of nanoscale building blocks which will have tremendous consequences for nanostructured materials
At the nanoscale, fluids behave more like honey than water.
. Evolution of the physics as we go from macroscopic systems to microscopic systems
Different generations of products coming from nanotechnology
NANOMEC : WORKPACKAGES Nanomechanics Nanophysics Confinement effects Non-linear behaviour Interfaces Computer modelling Contact mechanics Nano-analytical techniques Devices Sensors / actuators Nanomotors Nanorobots Bio-nano-engineering Nanomechanical biodevices Submicron attachment Cell adhesion Biological nanocomposites
Structural nanomaterials: metals, ceramics, polymers, composites Composites Metals SiO 2 nanoparticle reinforced Polymer-clay High strength nanometal Nanofoils C fibres nanocomposites Classes of structural nanomaterials Coatings Ceramics Ceramic particle Self-cleaning glass containing scratch using nanocrystalline materials Alumia nanocoating Nanoceramics from organic -resistant paint on corundum precursors
Advantageous of NanoMaterials Area Technology Benefit • Nano alloys • Strength / Toughness • Nano ceramics • Corrosion Resistance Metals • Multifunctional • Temperature Resistance components • Corrosion Resistance • Nano-Layers • Shielding (elec./opt.) • Coatings containing Surfaces • Defect Signalisation Nanoparticles • Functional Coat (wear, dirt, bacteria..) • Robustness, self-healing Composites • Polymer modification • Mechanical properties • Nano fillers and fibres • Conductivity
1D, 2D and 3D objects with one, two or three dimensions in the nanometer range
Schematic representation of a C 60 molecule. It is formed of 20 hexagons and 12 pentagons. Pentagons have no common edge.
Schematic picture of a closed single-wall carbon nanotube
Some actual and potential applications of carbon nanotubes
Modelling Nanoparticles 1 st Generation FE MD Nanoparticles 2 nd Generation DFT Composite core consisting of multiple phases Nanoparticles Nanoparticles 3 rd generation: Defects Magnetic Ordering Complex hybrid point defects, dislocations Morphology, Shape nanoparticles Interfaces, phases Surface roughness Shell 0,1 nm 1 nm 10 nm 100 nm Microstrain Local Structure Chemical composition Chemical concentration gradients Thin Films functionalization Particle agglomeration 3 rd generation: Biological Multifunctional films functionalization Thin films Functional coatings diffuse scattering X/ND Thin FIlms 2 nd Generation X/NR GID (GI)SAXS/SANS S/EXAFS XMCD Thin FIlms 1 st Generation CDI Analysis X/N Tomo Synthesis SR&N
Top-down techniques for nanostructuring
NanoSynthese: Bottom – up approach
Difference between a top-- ‐ down and a bottom-- ‐ up approach.
Important techniques for nanopolymers – biomaterials studies in the future
Structural Inorganics / Functional Polymers Nanocoatings Soft materials nanomaterials nanomaterials Hybrids DESIGN Metals Electronic, photonic, Functional OF Bio-nanomaterials Inorganic Chemical and thermal Ceramics spintronic materials properties NEW biomimetics nanomaterials protection Coatings Superconductors Structural NANOMATERIALS New hybrid Failure-proof coatings Composites Carbon materials properties structures Self-repairing coatings Dielectrics Block copolymers Hydrides Nanocomposites Structure-function relations on the nanoscale Complex multifunctional nanomaterials Synthesis online control Challenges for synchrotron radiation Online monitoring and neutron facilities of processes Local structures and structual changes Nanoinformations under operation conditions Nanomechanical Nanocorrosion Nanotribology Nanojoining engineering Corrosion / Protection Friction and wear Functional materials Mechanical integrity NANOMATERIALS Stress corrosion at the nanoscale Structural materials Nanocreep ENGINEERING Lubrication Nanocomposites Nanofatigue Surface Nanomechanics Self -repair functionalization in corrosive environments
Overall description of nanotribology
Energy Saving High efficient photovoltaic cells High Energy Storage Solid-State Lighting Energy harvesting Environment: Environment: Impact of nano-particles, Water purification nanomaterials and by-products; Elimination of pollutants accumulation, transportation in water, Reduction of CO 2 emission Nanotechnology soil, atmosphere Interaction with plants Climate change Health: Smart pill & drug delivery Consumer access to Cancer diagnosis & Tumor localization Remote control of body parameters smarter devices Various implants: Eye, Ear, Brain… Flexible sensors for food control, & systems Bioactive packaging Health: Toxicology of nanoparticles Impact on the nutrient cycle Transportation: Uncontrolled spread of GM crops Electric Gene mutation vehicles Nano- composit es Improve Safety, Security: Information: d safety Invasion of privacy Connect Increased information storage density Safety, Security: Spread of spying sensors ed Enhanced data transfer rate & security Enhanced day & night vision Nano-robotics vehicles Flexible electronics Sensors for food control& car safety
2020 2015 2010 2015 2020 Diagnosis & therapy
Subjects in the "More than Moore" domain, where nanotechnology can be involved
Some new memory development where nanotechnology plays a significant role .
2020 2015 2010 2015 2020 MEMS Diagnosis
Nanophotonics encompasses several nanoscale confinements encompasses
Applications in nanophotonics
It is possible to play on several parameters to make photonic crystals with required properties
Possible applications of single electron transistors
Partnership with energy industry Technological Research Technical/economical evaluation Nano-energy Center pilot lines for nanomaterials and for energy systems production High Safe production Design & engineering Theory Performance Combinatorial Methods for design of (environmentally friendly) & Computing materials simulation Nanostructured materials engineer. Synchrotron mastering Quantum phenomena Advanced New phenomena • scattering bio-inspired approaches Characterization • imaging • dynamics Scientific kernel Neutron • structure • dynamics Energy research community Domain Theory & Tailoring, synthesis Domains of research simulation and processing for Europe in the field of Materials nanomaterials for Energy Solar energy T ailored electronic Thin film (organic and mineral) structure, excited states simulation C 5 sugar hydrolysis Biofuels 2 nd generation (demonstrator) Algaefuels Multiscale modelling Nanomaterials contribution to Nuclear energy materials under extreme Propagation of condition (radiation, nanodefects temperature…) Energy efficiency Modelling phenomena, Nanostructured materials for Simulating complex Thermoelectricy, Lightning, High systems T c superconductors Storage Modelling ageing Nanomaterials for batteries electrodes and supercapacities, CO 2 capture and Modelling transport Nanomaterials phenomena Carbonatation of CO 2 sequestration Large scale Demonstrators Modelling transport Nanostructures and Hydrogen phenomena and ageing nanomaterials for fuel cell membranes and Storage Modelling bio-systems used for bio-production Bioproduction
Roadmap for thin film photovoltaics: Scientific visions and socio-economic benefits.
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