Slide 1 / 95 Slide 2 / 95 New Jersey Center for Teaching and Learning Progressive Science Initiative This material is made freely available at www.njctl.org and is intended for the non-commercial use of students and teachers. These materials may not be Genes used for any commercial purpose without the written permission of the owners. NJCTL maintains its website for the convenience of teachers who wish to make their work available to other teachers, Practice Questions participate in a virtual professional learning community, and/or provide access to course materials to parents, students and others. Click to go to website: www.njctl.org www.njctl.org Slide 3 / 95 Slide 4 / 95 1 Explain why it is necessary to be able to replicate 2 What is the appropriate scientific term used to DNA in order to sustain life. describe ‘a series of bases that code for a protein?’ Slide 5 / 95 Slide 6 / 95 3 If a strand of DNA is found to contain 250 adenine 4 Suppose you are analyzing a strand of DNA that bases, how many thymine bases does it have? contains 400 cytosines. If the strand contains a total of 1,000 bases, how many adenines does it contain? Why do you know this to be true?
Slide 7 / 95 Slide 8 / 95 5 Why are the two strands of a molecule of DNA 6 What is a ‘template’ strand in terms of DNA referred to as ‘complementary?’ replication? Slide 9 / 95 Slide 10 / 95 7 What is the physical difference between a 5’ end 8 DNA strands are considered to be antiparallel. and 3’ end of a DNA molecule? How would the molecule appear differently if they were ‘parallel’ instead? Slide 11 / 95 Slide 12 / 95 9 Why are new DNA strands only created in a 5’(3’ 10 A landmark study in DNA replication research by direction? Meselson and Stahl involved growing bacteria including an isotope of nitrogen 15N and then placing these bacteria in a medium containing only 14N. According to the known method of DNA replication, what do you predict the ratio of the two isotopes would be in DNA from the first round of reproduction? Homework
Slide 13 / 95 Slide 14 / 95 12 DNA polymerase (specifically Taq polymerase) has to 11 In what way is DNA polymerase similar to a waiter be added to the mixture when DNA is placed in a PCR or waitress in a restaurant? machine. Explain the importance of adding the Students type their answers here polymerase. Slide 15 / 95 Slide 16 / 95 13 A forensic technician has placed a single strand of 14 Suppose you are a doctor studying a disease that DNA into a PCR machine, along with appropriate destroys DNA polymerase enzymes in the cell. polymerases and primers. How many DNA What impact do you predict this will have on the molecules will be present after 20 cycles? reproductive ability of the affected cells? Students type their answers here Slide 17 / 95 Slide 18 / 95 15 Why do we often describe a DNA molecule as an 16 Can you accurately predict the number of ‘archive’ of information? cytosine bases found in a DNA strand if provided with only the number of thymine bases in that strand?
Slide 19 / 95 Slide 20 / 95 17 Match the single strand of DNA below with its 18 Supposed you are analyzing a strand of DNA that complementary strand: contains 375 thymines. If the strand has 900 TACGGCATC bases, how many guanines does it have? Slide 21 / 95 Slide 22 / 95 19 In a newly replicated molecule of DNA, how much 20 What end of the DNA strand has a phosphate of the molecule has just been synthesized, and group attached? The 5’, or the 3’? how much was pre-existing? Slide 23 / 95 Slide 24 / 95 21 The area of a DNA molecule where the replication 22 Explain what the term ‘antiparallel’ means in process takes place is often referred to as a terms of DNA replication. ‘replication fork.’ Explain why you think this term is used to describe this location.
Slide 25 / 95 Slide 26 / 95 23 Does DNA polymerase use the template strand or 24 A forensic technician has placed a single strand of DNA into a PCR machine, along with appropriate the daughter strand to complete the replication polymerases and primers. How many DNA process? Explain. molecules will be present after 50 cycles? Slide 27 / 95 Slide 28 / 95 25 Temperature is very important in the PCR process. 26 How does the sequence of nitrogenous bases Explain. affect the appearance of a molecule of RNA? Students type their answers here Slide 29 / 95 Slide 30 / 95 27 Why is the process of transcription essential to 28 What role does the promoter region of a DNA the utilization of DNA? sequence play in the transcription process?
Slide 31 / 95 Slide 32 / 95 29 Does RNA polymerase bind to the template strand 30 Match the strand of DNA below with its or non-template strand of DNA? Explain why this appropriate mRNA sequence. makes sense for creating RNA that contains the TACGGTCATTGA needed information contained in the DNA molecule. Slide 33 / 95 Slide 34 / 95 31 Considering the 5’ and 3’ ends, in which direction 32 Why are both the non-template DNA strand and is a molecule of RNA synthesized? mRNA both 5’(3’ in orientation? Slide 35 / 95 Slide 36 / 95 33 Which nitrogen base is involved in transcription 34 How does the sequence of bases impact the but not DNA replication? Why is this the case? physical structure of RNA differently than DNA? Homework
Slide 37 / 95 Slide 38 / 95 35 What enzyme conducts the process of 36 What does the ‘m’ in mRNA represent? Why did transcription in cells? scientists designate it with this name? Slide 39 / 95 Slide 40 / 95 37 Match the strand of DNA below with its 38 Compare the promoter and termination appropriate mRNA sequence. sequences of DNA to a traffic light. TACTGGTTCAGC Slide 41 / 95 Slide 42 / 95 39 Does the process of DNA replication involved 40 How does a strand of mRNA compare to the non- uracil? Why or why not? template strand of DNA from which it was created? Gene Expression Overview Classwork
Slide 43 / 95 Slide 44 / 95 41 How many nitrogen bases compose a single 42 What is the relationship between codons and codon? proteins? Slide 45 / 95 Slide 46 / 95 43 Create a flow chart using words and arrows to 44 What three letters will begin all mRNA sequences show the entire process of gene expression. (You that code for proteins? Explain your answer. should use 5 words) Slide 47 / 95 Slide 48 / 95 45 What is the ‘central dogma’ of biology? Explain 46 If you were to sequence the DNA of a housefly, why this saying is used to describe the biological what bases would you find in its genome? concept.
Slide 49 / 95 Slide 50 / 95 47 Why are DNA, RNA and their codons referred to as 48 What does the comprehensive gene expression the universal code of life? process throughout living organisms suggest about the origins of life? Slide 51 / 95 Slide 52 / 95 49 Sometimes the term ‘protein synthesis’ is used to 50 The fact that a single amino acid may be coded describe gene expression. Explain the relevance for by multiple codons may help to diminish the of this term to this process. negative effects of a DNA mutation. Explain why this may be true. Slide 53 / 95 Slide 54 / 95 51 How are the termination steps of transcription and 52 What amino acid is specified by the codon AUG? translation different?
Slide 55 / 95 Slide 56 / 95 53 What amino acid is specified by the codon UCG? 54 In what way are codons similar to airport codes? Homework (ex. PHL = Philadelphia) Slide 57 / 95 Slide 58 / 95 55 What amino acid will you find in the beginning of 56 What DNA and RNA bases would you find in the all sequences that create proteins? DNA of a blue whale? Slide 59 / 95 Slide 60 / 95 57 How many codons, when expressed, will stop the 58 Explain why the term ‘gene expression’ is utilized translation process? when describing the process of generating protein from DNA.
Slide 61 / 95 Slide 62 / 95 59 How could a change in the DNA sequence of a 60 Suppose an error occurs in the translation phase gene have an impact on the translation process? of gene expression. Will this error affect the DNA sequence of the gene? Why or why not? Slide 63 / 95 Slide 64 / 95 61 In which step (initiation, elongation, termination) 62 How are the codons that specify a protein similar are new amino acids added during translation? to the words that make up a sentence? What would happen if you were to change the sequence of the words? Slide 65 / 95 Slide 66 / 95 63 What amino acid is specified by the codon UCA? 64 What occurs in the translation process when the codon UGA is reached? Translation Classwork
Slide 67 / 95 Slide 68 / 95 65 Why is the term ‘translation’ appropriate for the 66 What is the role of rRNA in the process of protein last step of gene expression? synthesis? Slide 69 / 95 Slide 70 / 95 67 What does the ‘t’ in tRNA represent? Why is this 68 What part of a tRNA molecule specifies the amino an appropriate name when considering the role of acid to which it will bind? this molecule in the translation process? Slide 71 / 95 Slide 72 / 95 69 How does the codon sequence of mRNA specify 70 If an mRNA codon reads UGC, what is the which tRNA molecules will bind to the mRNA? anticodon on the tRNA molecule with which it will bind? What amino acid will this tRNA molecule carry?
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