Slide 1 / 111 Slide 2 / 111 Biology Genes www.njctl.org Slide 3 / 111 Slide 4 / 111 Vocabulary Click on each word below to go to the definition. P site 3' end Genes Unit Topics polymerase chain reaction 5' end Click on the topic to go to that section parent strand A site promoter anti-parallel replicate anticodon · DNA Replication ribosome central dogma · Transcription RNA polymerase codon rRNA · Overview of Gene Expression daughter strand semi-conservative DNA polymerase · Translation template strand elongation termination gene terminator sequence gene expression transcription initiation translation mRNA tRNA Slide 5 / 111 Slide 6 / 111 Genes A gene is a segment of DNA needed to make a specific protein. The complementary base pairs of DNA DNA are: guanine (G) with _________ (C) and Replication _________ (A) with thymine (T) . The nucleotides of one strand bond to matching nucleotides in a second strand, to create the double stranded helix. Return to DNA is a good archive for genetic Table of information since the bases are Contents protected on the inside of the helix.
Slide 7 / 111 Slide 7 (Answer) / 111 1 What is the shape of DNA called? 1 What is the shape of DNA called? A single helix A single helix B double helix B double helix C it has many shapes C it has many shapes Answer D circle D circle B [This object is a pull tab] Slide 8 / 111 Slide 8 (Answer) / 111 2 In DNA, adenine pairs with... 2 In DNA, adenine pairs with... A uracil A uracil B guanine B guanine C thymine C thymine D cytosine D cytosine Answer C [This object is a pull tab] Slide 9 / 111 Slide 9 (Answer) / 111 3 In DNA, guanine pairs with... 3 In DNA, guanine pairs with... A uracil A uracil B adenine B adenine C thymine C thymine D cytosine D cytosine Answer D [This object is a pull tab]
Slide 10 / 111 Slide 10 (Answer) / 111 4 If one strand of DNA is CGGTAC, the complementary 4 If one strand of DNA is CGGTAC, the complementary strand would be: strand would be: A GCCTAG A GCCTAG B CGGTAC B CGGTAC C TAACGT C TAACGT Answer D D GCCATG D GCCATG [This object is a pull tab] Slide 11 / 111 Slide 11 (Answer) / 111 5 If one strand of DNA is AGCTGA, the complementary 5 If one strand of DNA is AGCTGA, the complementary strand would be: strand would be: A TCGACU A TCGACU B TCGACT B TCGACT C AGCTGA C AGCTGA Answer D AGTCGA D AGTCGA B [This object is a pull tab] Slide 12 / 111 Slide 13 / 111 Watson & Crick Replication Francis Crick and James Watson discovered the structure of DNA in 1953. This breakthrough was on a par with Newton's work in The functions of a cell are determined by its DNA. physics...but in our recent past. Cells have to reproduce many times. In complex organisms, When Watson and Crick published the structure of DNA in a short trillions of copies are made from one original cell. article in 1953 they stated: But when cells reproduce, they must replicate (or copy) their "It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have DNA. postulated immediately suggests a possible copying mechanism for the genetic material." The structure of DNA reveals how trillions of copies of the DNA in one of your cells can be made, and be almost exactly The fact that there are two DNA strands that are mirror images of the same each time. one another suggested how copies could be made of each DNA sequence. Click here to see the letter Francis Crick wrote to his son about the structure of DNA
Slide 14 / 111 Slide 15 / 111 DNA is Anti-Parallel DNA Molecule as Template Each strand has two ends: a 5' end and a 3' end. The two template strands of DNA always run in opposite directions. They are Each molecule of DNA is made strand said to be anti-parallel to each other. of a template strand and a new strand. The template is used to make the new strand. The 5' end has a phosphate group The template strand is also at the end. known as the parent strand since it came from the original DNA molecule. The new strand is also known as the daughter strand. The 3' end has an -OH group at the end. Slide 16 / 111 Slide 17 / 111 Adding New Nucleotides Separation of Strands Nucleotides can only be added to the -OH end (3`), not the 5`so The template strands of the DNA all new strands are made in the 5' - 3' direction. molecule separate and the new strands are made on the inside. The result of this process is 2 new DNA molecules each having an old template strand and new strand. This is called semi-conservative because it "conserves" some of the old DNA in each copy. Click here to see an animation of the mechanism of replication Slide 18 / 111 Slide 19 / 111 Replication Practice 6 The 3' end of a DNA strand has a phosphate at the end. True 3' ATCGGGTTAACGCGTAAA 5' template strand False 5' ______________________ 3' new strand What is the sequence of the new strand? 3' GGTTACTAATCGAGCCCCT 5' template strand 5' ______________________ 3' new strand What is the sequence of the new strand?
Slide 19 (Answer) / 111 Slide 20 / 111 6 The 3' end of a DNA strand has a phosphate at 7 Why does a DNA strand only "grow" in the 5' to 3' the end. direction? True because DNA can only add nucleotides to A False the 3' end of the molecule Answer because DNA can only add nucleotides to B FALSE the 5' end of the molecule because mRNA can only read a DNA C molecule from 5' to 3' because mRNA can only read a DNA D [This object is a pull tab] molecule from 3' to 5' Slide 20 (Answer) / 111 Slide 21 / 111 7 Why does a DNA strand only "grow" in the 5' to 3' 8 If the parent DNA strand is 5' ATCGATACTAC 3', what direction? will the daughter stand be? because DNA can only add nucleotides to A 5' TAGCTATGATG 3' A the 3' end of the molecule B 3' ATCGATACTAC 5' because DNA can only add nucleotides to C 5' UAGCUAUGAUG 3' B the 5' end of the molecule D 3' TAGCTATGATG 5' Answer because mRNA can only read a DNA A C molecule from 5' to 3' because mRNA can only read a DNA D molecule from 3' to 5' [This object is a pull tab] Slide 21 (Answer) / 111 Slide 22 / 111 Enzyme Catalyzed Reaction 8 If the parent DNA strand is 5' ATCGATACTAC 3', what will the daughter stand be? DNA nucleotide A 5' TAGCTATGATG 3' monomers are made B 3' ATCGATACTAC 5' ahead of time and stored in the cell. C 5' UAGCUAUGAUG 3' Answer DNA polymerase is the D D 3' TAGCTATGATG 5' enzyme responsible for adding each new nucleotide to the growing strand. [This object is a pull tab]
Slide 23 / 111 Slide 24 / 111 Polymerase Chain Reaction Biotech Application 1. DNA is heated to high Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a temperature, the DNA strands technique which uses the principles of denature, separating the double DNA replication to amplify the amount of helix DNA available for testing and manipulation. 2. DNA is cooled, primers and This reaction is carried out by a special polymerase in the mixture stick to the machine that utilizes repeating cycles of DNA heat, DNA polymerase, DNA primers and free nucleotides to build copies of 3. The temperature is increased slightly the DNA fragment. to increase the rate of replication This technology enables small amounts Click here to see an animation of the mechanism of PCR of DNA to be turned into large amounts. The cycle is repeated, doubling the amount of DNA each cycle. Slide 25 / 111 Slide 25 (Answer) / 111 9 A single DNA molecule is placed in a PCR machine. 9 A single DNA molecule is placed in a PCR machine. After 5 cycles, how many copies of DNA will be After 5 cycles, how many copies of DNA will be present? present? Answer 32 [This object is a pull tab] Slide 26 / 111 Slide 26 (Answer) / 111 10 A single DNA molecule is placed in a PCR machine. 10 A single DNA molecule is placed in a PCR machine. After 10 cycles, how many copies of DNA will be After 10 cycles, how many copies of DNA will be present? present? Answer 1024 [This object is a pull tab]
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