FRAMING THE IMMIGRATION DEBATE Ale xandr a Pie r os Shie lds, - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

FRAMING THE IMMIGRATION DEBATE Ale xandr a Piñe r os Shie lds, Ph.D. E sse x County Community Or ganization & Br ande is Unive r sity

Would you happily or willingly le ave your c ountr y without knowing if you would e ve r se e your family and fr ie nds again? Alexandra Piñeros Shields, Ph.D.

T ha t’ s wha t immig ra nts do ! Just like o ur a nc e sto rs, pe o ple mig ra te he re o ut o f de spe ra tio n. Mo st o f the time , the y ha ve no o the r c ho ic e … Ale xa nd ra Piñe ro s Shie ld s, Ph.D.

Cause s of Migr ation Ale xa nd ra Piñe ro s Shie ld s, Ph.D.

Mig ra tion a s the Re sult of Wa rs Major migr ation flows have followe d afte r all our militar y inte r ve ntions of the last c e ntur y and a half • World Wa rs • Kore a • Vie tna m • Cold Wa r • Ce ntra l Ame ric a • Middle E a st • Whose ne xt? Alexandra Piñeros Shields, Ph.D.

Mig ra tion a s a Re sult of E c onomic Inte rve ntions Po sitive c o rre la tio n b e twe e n U.S. inve stme nt pa tte rns a nd mig ra tio n flo ws ION INVE ST ME NT = IMMGRAT Po sitive c o rre la tio n b e twe e n F re e T ra de Ag re e me nts a nd mig ra tio n flo ws F RE E T RADE = IMMGRAT ION y Alexandra Piñeros Shields, Ph.D.

Migr ation as a Global L abor Supply Syste m Global North Labor Labor Supply Demand Global South Alexandra Piñeros Shields, Ph.D.

POL ICIE S T HAT CRIMINAL IZE D IMMIGRANT S Alexandra Piñeros Shields, Ph.D.

 Be ing Undo c ume nte d:  No t a c rimina l OR c ivil vio la tio n  I t is a n ADMI NI ST RAT I VE VI OL AT I ON Alexandra Piñeros Shields, Ph.D.

L e t’s se e how e ac h br anc h of gove r nme nt has molde d our immigr ation polic ie s Ale xa nd ra Piñe ro s Shie ld s, Ph.D.

E xe c utive Br anc h Ale xa nd ra Piñe ro s Shie ld s, Ph.D.

L e t’s look at whe r e the Immigr ation Offic e was loc ate d within the E xe c utive Br anc h Bur e auc r ac y ove r time Ale xa nd ra Piñe ro s Shie ld s, Ph.D.

1924 @ Alexandra Piñeros Shields, Ph.D.

1924 Department of Labor @ Alexandra Piñeros Shields, Ph.D.

1924 Department of Labor WORKERS @ Alexandra Piñeros Shields, Ph.D.

In 1924 the U.S. Go ve rnme nt unde rsto o d a nd la b e le d immig ra nts a s wor ke r s Ale xa nd ra Piñe ro s Shie ld s, Ph.D.

1940 @ Alexandra Piñeros Shields, Ph.D. .

1940 Department of Justice @ Alexandra Piñeros Shields, Ph.D.

1940 Department of Justice CRIMINALS @ Alexandra Piñeros Shields, Ph.D.

In 1940 the U.S. Go ve rnme nt unde rsto o d a nd la b e le d immig ra nts a s c r iminals Ale xa nd ra Piñe ro s Shie ld s, Ph.D.

2003 @ Alexandra Piñeros Shields, Ph.D.

2003 Department of Homeland Security @ Alexandra Piñeros Shields, Ph.D. .

2003 Department of Homeland Security TERRORISTS @ Alexandra Piñeros Shields, Ph.D. .

In 2003 the U.S. Go ve rnme nt unde rsto o d a nd la b e le d immig ra nts a t te r r or ists Ale xa nd ra Piñe ro s Shie ld s, Ph.D.

Bureaucratic Position of the Immigration Office 1924 1940 2003 Department of Department of Department of Labor Justice Homeland Security WORKERS CRIMINALS TERRORISTS @ Alexandra Piñeros Shields, Ph.D.

2003 ICE - Immigr ation & Customs E nfor c e me nt De pt. of Home land Se c ur ity (Bush)  Se pa ra te d se rvic e s (CI S – fo rma lly I NS) fro m e nfo rc e me nt (I CE )  I nc re a se d the de te ntio n syste m  Cre a te d a la rg e r e nforc e me nt syste m tha n a ll othe r la w e nforc e me nt put tog e the r Ale xa nd ra Piñe ro s Shie ld s, Ph.D.

L e gislative Br anc h Ale xa nd ra Piñe ro s Shie ld s, Ph.D.

1986 Immigr ation Re for m & Contr ol Ac t (Re agan)  E mploye r Sanc tions  Amne sty - L e galization for Undoc ume nte d Immigr ants Alexandra Piñeros Shields, Ph.D.

1996 Ille gal Immigr ation & Immigr ant Re sponsibility Ac t (Clinton)  Cre a te d a re tro -a c tive do ub le sta nda rd in the c rimina l c o de fo r immig ra nts  Allowe d for the imprisonme nt of undoc ume nte d immig ra nts  Crimina lize d b e ing a n immig ra nt Ale xa nd ra Piñe ro s Shie ld s, Ph.D.

 Be ing Undo c ume nte d:  No t a c rimina l OR c ivil vio la tio n  I t is a n ADMI NI ST RAT I VE VI OL AT I ON Alexandra Piñeros Shields, Ph.D.

Judic ial Br anc h Ale xa nd ra Piñe ro s Shie ld s, Ph.D.

Plenary Power Doctrine • 1889 - U.S. Supr e me Cour t UPHE L D the Chine se E xc lusion Ac t e ve n though it disc r iminate d on the base s of national or igin • Supr e me Cour t applie d the Ple nar y Powe r Doc tr ine to justify the disc r imination whic h is unc onstitutional • Give s the le gislative and e xe c utive br anc he s sole powe r ove r who is admitte d and who is e xc lude d fr om e nte r ing the U.S. • E xe mpts the laws that r e gulate immigr ation fr om judic ial r e vie w. In othe r wor ds, laws that r e gulate immigr ation c an violate c onstitutional r ights. T he y c an disc r iminate on the basis of r ac e , e thnic ity, r e ligion, or ge nde r and c our ts c an r e fuse to pr ovide judic ial sc r utiny. • A le gal doc tr ine that is be ing slowly applie d to immigr ants le gally admitte d into the U.S. Alexandra Piñeros Shields, Ph.D.

The Business of Detention 32,800 immig ra nt de ta ine e s So urc e - Na tio na l Immig ra tio n F o rum – Aug ust 2012 Alexandra Piñeros Shields, Ph.D.

X $164 pe r nig ht pe r immig ra nt de ta ine e So urc e - Na tio na l Immig ra tio n F o rum – Aug ust 2012 Alexandra Piñeros Shields, Ph.D.

= $5.4 Millio n pe r nig ht o r $1.9 Billio n pe r ye a r So urc e - Na tio na l Immig ra tio n F o rum – Aug ust 2012 Alexandra Piñeros Shields, Ph.D.

Deaths at the Border Alexandra Piñeros Shields, Ph.D.

Since the NAFTA - 1994 • 7,000 pe o ple ha ve die d c ro ssing the b o rde r • Appro xima te ly 500,000 pe o ple ha ve e nte re d the U.S. ille g a lly pe r ye a r • Howe ve r, b e twe e n 1990–1994, a to ta l o f a ha lf a millio n e nte re d ille g a lly Alexandra Piñeros Shields, Ph.D.

Co ntra ry to po pula r o pinio n, • Ove r 80% o f fa milie s ha ve mixe d sta tus, o ne pe rso n ma y b e a g re e n c a rd ho lde r o r U.S. c itize n a nd a no the r ma y b e undo c ume nte d • Undo c ume nte d pe o ple pa y ta xe s. T he 1912 Re ve nue Ac t sta te s tha t e ve ry pe rso n living in the U.S., whe the r the y a re do c ume nte d o r no t, a re re q uire d to pa y inc o me ta x Ale xa nd ra Piñe ro s Shie ld s, Ph.D.

TAXING THE UNDOCUMENTED One e xa mple So c ia l Se c urity T a xe s Co lle c te d  $13 Billion c o lle c te d e ve ry ye a r fro m undo c ume nte d immig ra nts  $100 Billion pa id to the SSA b y undo c ume nte d immig ra nts o ve r the pa st de c a de Ste phe n Go ss, the c hie f a c tua ry o f the So c ia l Se c urity Administra tio n. 2014 Alexandra Piñeros Shields, Ph.D.

Impact of Criminalizing Policies T E AR F AMIL IE S APART & DISRE GARD HUMAN L IF E • 3,162,844 de po rta tio n (unde r Ob a ma ) • 5.3 million c hildre n live in the U.S. with o ne o r mo re undo c ume nte d pa re nts • F rom 2014-16, % of all de portations: o 19.8% viole nt or pote ntially viole nt c r iminal c onvic tion o 21.2% nonviole nt c r iminal c onvic tion o 18.7% immigr ation administr ative violation o 10.4% no violation (DHS d a ta – 2017) Alexandra Piñeros Shields, Ph.D.

“NO HUMAN BE ING IS IL L E GAL ” E L I E WI E SE L NOBE L PE ACE PRI ZE Alexandra Piñeros Shields, Ph.D.