for Social Policy Studies in Israel בואט זכרמ TAUB CENTER For Social Policy Studies in Israel Taub Center לארשיב תיתרבחה תוינידמה רקחל Causes and Consequences of Inequality Herbert M. Singer Conference Series taubcenter.org.il Israeli poverty and inequality trends in international perspective Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh
Labor productivity, 1970-2012 For Social Policy Studies in Israel Taub Center GDP per work-hour in 2005 PPP-adjusted dollars 45 G7 40 35 Israel 30 25 G7 20 Israel 15 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2012 Source: Dan Ben-David, State of the Nation Report 2009 ), Taub Center (updated) Data: Central Bureau of Statistics, Bank of Israel, OECD
Percent of households under the poverty line* For Social Policy Studies in Israel Taub Center 70% 67% 57% 57% 50% 47% 44% 37% 30% 27% 14% 13% 1992 2011 1992 2011 1992 2011 1992 2011 1992 2011 1992 2011 market disposable market disposable market disposable incomes incomes incomes incomes incomes incomes Haredim Arab Israelis Jewish (ultra-Orthodox Jews) non-Haredim Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center * Using same national poverty line in all cases. Data: Israel’s Central Bureau of Statistics Excluding East Jerusalem.
Percent of households under the poverty line* For Social Policy Studies in Israel Taub Center 1992-2011 35% market incomes – all households 33% 31% 29% market incomes – excl. Haredim and Arabs 27% 25% 23% disposable incomes – all households 21% 19% 17% disposable incomes – excl. Haredim and Arabs 15% 13% 1992 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center * Poverty line recalculated after each exclusion. Data for 1992-96 and Data: Israel’s Central Bureau of Statistics 2000-01 do not include East Jerusalem. No data available for 1994.
Percent of elderly (65+) under the poverty line* For Social Policy Studies in Israel Taub Center 1992-2011 62% market incomes – elderly excl. Haredim and Arabs 57% market incomes – all elderly 52% 47% 42% 37% 32% disposable incomes – elderly excl. Haredim and Arabs 27% 22% disposable incomes – all elderly 17% 1992 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center * Poverty line recalculated after each exclusion. Data: Israel’s Central Bureau of Statistics Excluding East Jerusalem.
Income inequality For Social Policy Studies in Israel Taub Center Gini coefficient* 0.504 0.490 0.482 0.446 0.370 0.350 0.336 0.332 1992 2011 1992 2011 1992 2011 1992 2011 market disposable market disposable incomes incomes incomes incomes All excluding Haredim and Arab Israelis Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center * Based on individual weights Data: Israel’s Central Bureau of Statistics Excluding East Jerusalem.
Weights used for standardizing the For Social Policy Studies in Israel Taub Center number of individuals in households LIS* weights versus National Insurance Institute weights 10 Standardized 9 number of 8 individuals Israel 7 6 5 4 LIS 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Actual number of individuals Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center * Luxembourg Income Study Data: LIS, National Insurance Institute
Market income inequality For Social Policy Studies in Israel Taub Center Gini coefficient*, 23 OECD countries, 1973-2010 0.60 Poland 0.55 Hungary Greece Israel (incl. E. Jerusalem) Estonia Israel United Kingdom Ireland Spain Germany United States 0.50 Italy Czech Rep Belgium Austria France 0.45 Sweden Luxembourg Canada Norway Denmark Australia 0.40 Netherlands Finland 0.35 0.30 1973 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center Data: Luxembourg Income Study * based on individual weights
Disposable income inequality For Social Policy Studies in Israel Taub Center Gini coefficient*, 23 OECD countries, 1973-2010 0.40 United States 0.38 Israel (incl. E. Jerusalem) Israel 0.36 United Kingdom 0.34 Spain Italy Estonia Greece Poland Australia 0.32 Canada Ireland 0.30 Hungary Germany France 0.28 Luxembourg Belgium Austria Netherlands 0.26 Czech Rep Norway Finland 0.24 Sweden Denmark 0.22 0.20 0.18 1973 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center Data: Luxembourg Income Study * based on individual weights
Percent reduction in income inequality* For Social Policy Studies in Israel Taub Center From market income Gini to disposable income Gini, mid 2000s -47.8% Sweden 2005 -47.6% Hungary 2005 -47.5% Denmark 2004 -47.2% Finland 2004 -45.1% Czech Rep 2004 -44.0% Germany 2004 -42.8% Poland 2004 -42.7% Netherlands 2004 Austria 2004 -42.4% -41.6% Norway 2004 Luxembourg 2004 -41.0% Ireland 2004 -37.9% France 2005 -37.1% Italy 2004 -33.9% Estonia 2004 -33.4% Australia 2003 -33.2% Greece 2004 -31.2% UK 2004 -30.8% Spain 2004 -29.8% Canada 2004 -27.1% Israel 2005 -25.3% USA 2004 -22.2% Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center * Ginis calculated according to Israeli Social Security method. Data: Luxembourg Income Study Israel includes East Jerusalem.
Top income decile as a fraction of total income* For Social Policy Studies in Israel Taub Center 22 OECD countries, mid 2000s 32.6% UK 2004 27.5% 31.9% USA 2004 26.8% 33.1% Estonia 2004 26.4% 31.4% Italy 2004 26.0% 29.0% Greece 2004 25.1% 30.3% Israel 2005 24.9% 31.1% Norway 2004 24.9% 33.9% Hungary 2005 24.6% 31.6% Ireland 2004 24.3% 31.4% Poland 2004 23.9% 28.8% Canada 2004 23.9% 28.8% Germany 2004 23.2% 25.9% Spain 2004 22.5% 30.8% Czech Rep 2004 22.4% 30.1% Finland 2004 22.4% market incomes 28.5% Australia 2003 disposable incomes 22.2% 25.2% France 2005 21.7% 25.4% Netherlands 2004 21.4% 24.4% Austria 2004 21.2% 28.4% Sweden 2005 20.4% 25.4% Luxembourg 2004 20.2% 26.7% Denmark 2004 19.6% Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center * Deciles calculated according to Israeli Social Security method. Data: Luxembourg Income Study Israel includes East Jerusalem.
Top 1 percentile as a fraction of total income* For Social Policy Studies in Israel Taub Center 22 OECD countries, mid 2000s 9.8% Norway 2004 8.8% 8.3% UK 2004 7.3% 8.4% USA 2004 6.9% 9.2% Italy 2004 6.8% 8.3% Ireland 2004 6.5% 8.0% Finland 2004 5.6% 7.0% Germany 2004 5.5% 6.3% Israel 2005 5.3% 7.6% Hungary 2005 5.1% 7.7% Poland 2004 5.1% 6.7% Canada 2004 5.0% 6.4% Netherlands 2004 4.9% 6.5% Estonia 2004 4.9% 5.8% Greece 2004 4.7% 6.8% Czech Rep 2004 4.4% 6.0% Australia 2003 4.2% 5.0% France 2005 4.1% market incomes 6.4% Sweden 2005 4.1% disposable incomes 4.5% Austria 2004 3.7% 4.3% Spain 2004 3.7% 5.3% Denmark 2004 3.7% 4.5% Luxembourg 2004 3.4% Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center * Percentiles calculated according to Israeli Social Security method. Data: Luxembourg Income Study Israel includes East Jerusalem.
Ratios of disposable income percentiles, 90/50 and 50/10 * For Social Policy Studies in Israel Taub Center 22 OECD countries, mid 2000s 2.75 Israel 2005 2.32 2.72 USA 2004 2.18 2.07 UK 2004 2.16 2.08 Estonia 2004 2.13 2.16 Greece 2004 2.04 2.03 Australia 2003 2.03 2.21 Italy 2004 2.00 2.16 Poland 2004 2.00 2.27 Spain 2004 1.99 ratio of 50 th percentile to 10 th percentile 2.23 Canada 2004 1.97 ratio of 90 th percentile to 50 th percentile 2.07 Ireland 2004 1.95 1.93 France 2005 1.88 1.85 Germany 2004 1.88 1.89 Luxembourg 2004 1.86 1.84 Hungary 2005 1.84 1.81 Austria 2004 1.81 1.71 Czech Rep 2004 1.80 1.75 Netherlands 2004 1.75 1.71 Finland 2004 1.72 1.65 Sweden 2005 1.65 1.69 Norway 2004 1.63 1.68 Denmark 2004 1.60 Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center * Percentiles calculated according to Israeli Social Security method. Data: Luxembourg Income Study Israel includes East Jerusalem.
Ratios of disposable income percentiles, 75/25 * For Social Policy Studies in Israel Taub Center 22 OECD countries, mid 2000s 2.81 Israel 2005 2.50 USA 2004 2.28 Australia 2003 2.22 Italy 2004 UK 2004 2.21 2.20 Spain 2004 2.17 Greece 2004 2.16 Ireland 2004 2.14 Estonia 2004 2.11 Canada 2004 2.07 Poland 2004 1.90 France 2005 1.85 Luxembourg 2004 1.84 Germany 2004 1.81 Austria 2004 1.81 Hungary 2005 1.77 Netherlands 2004 1.77 Finland 2004 1.74 Czech Rep 2004 1.69 Sweden 2005 1.68 Norway 2004 1.68 Denmark 2004 Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center * Percentiles calculated according to Israeli Social Security method. Data: Luxembourg Income Study Israel includes East Jerusalem.
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