Development of Fast-timing MCP-PMT/LAPPD TM for Particle IDentification (PID) Junqi Xie Argonne National Laboratory 9700 S Cass Ave., Argonne, IL 60439 USA
Background: Large Area Picosecond PhotoDetector (LAPPD) ▪ LAPPD is a photomultiplier based on new generation microchannel plate, reinvents photodetector using transformational technologies. ▪ Goals: low-cost, large-area (20 cm x 20 cm), picosecond-timing, mm-position ▪ Applications: picosecond timing, mm-spatial on large-area ✓ Particle physics: optical TPC, TOF, RICH ✓ Medical imaging: PET scanner, X-ray imaging devices ✓ National security: Detection of neutron and radioactive materials ▪ Status: Incom, Inc. is routinely producing standard LAPPD on a pilot production basis for test and evaluation by “Early Adopters”. 2
Argonne 6 cm MCP-PMT & LAPPD TM ` Small form factor LAPPD (6 cm MCP-PMT) was produced at Argonne for R&D. Knowledges, Design and Experiences were transferred to Incom to support commercialization of 20 cm LAPPD TM Commercialization: 20x20 cm 2 R&D test bed: 6x6 cm 2 ➢ The Argonne 6 cm MCP-PMT and INCOM 20 cm LAPPD TM share the same MCPs and similar internal configuration and signal readout. ➢ The Argonne 6 cm MCP-PMT serves as R&D test bed for performance characterization and design optimization; INCOM 20 cm LAPPD TM is the final commercialized product. ➢ Close collaboration and communication (bi-weekly meeting, joint SBIR program), optimized configurations are directly transferred to INCOM production line for mass production. 3
Argonne 6 cm × 6 cm MCP-PMT Flexible design similar to initial LAPPD ▪ A glass bottom plate with stripline anode readout ▪ A glass side wall that is glass-frit bonded to the bottom plate ▪ A pair of MCPs (20µm pore) separated by a grid spacer. ▪ Three glass grid spacers. ▪ A glass top window with a bialkali (K, Cs) photocathode. ▪ An indium seal between the top window and the sidewall. A very flexible platform for R&D efforts! 4
Photodetector fabrication lab Scrubbing chamber Sealing chamber Control panels Photocathode growth chamber 5
Hermetic packaging MCP & Resistive Grid Spacer Stack hydraulic driven platens Glass LTA Completed Tube ▪ Tube processing is very challenging ▪ Achieved 95% sealing yield 6
Test facilities ps-Laser Facility for timing characterization Optical Table for photocathode test ANL g-2 Magnetic Field Test Facility Fermilab/JLab Test Beam Facilities 7
Argonne MCP-PMT (20 μ m) Key performances Signal component Spectra response 15% 0.5 ns rise time Gain > 10 7 Timing resolution σ TTS ~ 63 ps 8
With the success of standard LAPPD TM commercialization Next … Application Driven Optimization EIC-PID 9
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Argonne 6 cm MCP-PMT in magnetic field version 2: IBD design 20 μ m version 1: resistor chain version 3: IBD design 10 μ m 20 μ m MCP Internal resistor chain design Individual biased design IBD design with 10 μ m MCPs Gain drops quickly B field tolerance B field tolerance 0 < B < 0.15 T 0 < B < 0.7 T 0 < B < 1.3 T • Optimization of biased voltages for both MCPs: version 1 -> 2 • Smaller pore size MCPs: version 2 -> 3 Further improvement: reduced spacing, and even smaller pore size (6 μ m) 12
Argonne 6 cm MCP-PMT timing resolution improvement version 3 Rise time version 2 Timing resolution (SPE) 2 − 𝜏 𝑀𝑏𝑡𝑓𝑠 2 2 𝜏 𝑁𝐷𝑄−𝑄𝑁𝑈 = 𝜏 1 − 𝜏 𝐹𝑚𝑓. σ TTS ~ 20 ps σ TTS ~ 63 ps System: σ 1 = 37.2 ps Laser jitter: σ Laser = 30 ps Electronics: σ Ele. = 7 ps 10 μ m MCP-PMT: σ ~ 20 ps Suppressed back scattering signal 13
Incom 20 cm LAPPD TM in magnetic field 20 cm LAPPD in dark box 14
Baseline LAPPD TM performance in magnetic field Due to the magnetic sensitive components (Kovar nickel – cobalt ferrous alloy is used as shims in the current LAPPD TM ), we can not go to high magnet field test (fear to break it). A new LAPPD TM with non-magnet components is produced and shipping to Argonne, testing is scheduled Dec 13-16. The results here demonstrate the test capability of the facility for 20 cm LAPPD TM . Gap and MCP Δ HV dependence ➢ HV applied to all three gaps affects the gain of the LAPPD in magnetic field. ➢ HV between the photocathode and MCP1 gap has the greatest slope, indicating the strongest effect. ➢ HV applied to MCPs seems to have NO preference, equally affects the LAPPD gain. The B field tolerance can also be further enhanced by adjusting the HVs. 15
Pixelated readout baseline – without capacitive coupling Demountable chamber installed on the stage of Fermilab Test Beam Facility MT6.2C Pad sizes: 2mm x 2mm 3mm x 3mm 4mm x 4mm 5mm x 5mm Spacing between pads: 0.5 mm 16
Pixelated readout baseline Example correlation between the y-axis of a 3 mm x 3 mm pad and the MWPC projection Pixel size 2 mm x 2 mm 3 mm x 3 mm 4 mm x 4 mm σ (x) - 1.01 mm 1.11 mm σ (y) 0.73 mm 0.93 mm 1.43 mm σ (expected) = pixel size/√12 0.6 mm 0.9 mm 1.2 mm ▪ Beamline experiment preliminary results show that experimental position resolutions are close to the expected position resolutions ▪ Further R&D with capacitive coupled tile base to demonstrate signal pick up 17
Other issues may need to be addressed for PID ❑ Current focus: - Magnetic field tolerance - Pixelated readout QE uniformity Lifetime Addressed by INCOM Testing at Univ. Texas After pulse Radiation Performance Rate hardness uniformity capability … … Stability (over time, temperature…) Challenging but the most promising journey … 18
Solar blind MCP-PMT/LAPPD TM for Mu2e-II calorimeter and GHz X-ray imaging (Details in poster session) R. Zhu, CPAD 2018 ➢ BaF 2 :Y fast component shows 260 ps rise time, 600 ps decay time, MCP-PMT is the only PMT for such fast light detection. ➢ Slow component of BaF 2 scintillation light was significantly suppressed by BaF 2 :Y doping ➢ Solar blind photocathode (Cs-Te) further suppresses the slow component, enabling fast calorimeter. 19
Conclusion ❑ An MCP-PMT fabrication facility was designed and built at Argonne National Laboratory, serving as a very flexible facility for MCP-PMT R&D. ❑ Knowledge and experience were shared with industry to support commercialization. ❑ LAPPD collaboration successfully commercialized the LAPPD TM . ❑ R&D on LAPPD towards particle identification application is on going, focusing on design optimization: - Magnetic field tolerance - Pixelated readout ❑ MCP-PMT with smaller pore size exhibits significantly improved magnetic field tolerance and timing resolution. ❑ Baseline experiment of pixelated readout shows experimental position resolution close to the expected position resolutions. ❑ Solar blind MCP-PMT/LAPPD TM for Mu2e-II calorimeter and GHz X-ray imaging was proposed, initial test was done at Argonne Advanced Photon Source (APS). ❑ Dedicated R&D efforts are critical to identify issues, and demonstrate feasible solutions via prototype devices. 20
Acknowledgments W. Armstrong, J. Arrington, D. Blyth, K. Byrum, M. Demarteau, G. Drake, J. Elam, J. Gregar, K. Hafidi, M. Hattawy, S. Johnston, A. Mane, E. May, S. Magill, Z. Meziani, J. Repond, R. Wagner, D. Walters, L. Xia, H. Zhao Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439 K. Attenkofer, M. Chiu, Z. Ding, M. Gaowei, J. Sinsheimer, J. Smedley, J. Walsh Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973 A. Camsonne, P. Nadel-Turonski, W. Xi, Z. Zhao, C. Zorn Jefferson Lab, Newport News, VA, 23606 B. W. Adams, M. Aviles, T. Cremer, C. D. Ertley, M. R. Foley, C. Hamel, A. Lyashenko, M. J. Minot, M. A. Popecki, M. E. Stochaj, W. A. Worstell Incom, Inc., Charlton, MA 01507 J. McPhate, O. Siegmund University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720 A. Elagin, H. Frisch University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637 Y. Ilieva University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208 And many others … The LAPPD collaboration, The EIC PID consortium, The Argonne EIC-LDRD This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics, and Office of Nuclear Physics under contract number DE-AC02-06CH11357 and DE-SC0018445. 21
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