Slide 1 / 81 Slide 2 / 81 New Jersey Center for Teaching and Learning Progressive Science Initiative This material is made freely available at www.njctl.org and is intended for the non-commercial use of students and teachers. These materials may not be Eukaryotes & Gene used for any commercial purpose without the written permission of the owners. NJCTL maintains its Expression website for the convenience of teachers who wish to make their work available to other teachers, participate in a virtual professional learning community, and/or provide access to course Practice Questions materials to parents, students and others. Click to go to website: www.njctl.org www.njctl.org Slide 3 / 81 Slide 4 / 81 1 Identify two characteristics that are shared by all 2 Suppose you are investigating a cell that contains cells. a nucleus. Would you categorize this cell as a prokaryote or eukaryote? Explain your answer. Slide 5 / 81 Slide 6 / 81 3 Is it more efficient for cells to have a high or low 4 Explain, in terms of cell function, why it is more surface area to volume ratio? Explain. advantageous for cells to be small.
Slide 7 / 81 Slide 8 / 81 5 Organelles are to cells as organs are to the 6 What are two differences between prokaryotic human body. Explain why this analogy is true. and eukaryotic cells? Slide 9 / 81 Slide 10 / 81 7 Would you be more likely to observe a 8 Explain, in terms of surface area to volume ratio, prokaryotic cell or eukaryotic cell under the why cells are small. lowest magnification available on your microscope? Explain your answer. Slide 11 / 81 Slide 12 / 81 9 Identify the four major categories of eukaryotic 10 Explain how the meaning of the terms prokaryote cells. and eukaryote help explain the structure of the cell.
Slide 13 / 81 Slide 14 / 81 11 Why is it important that the nucleus of a cell 12 How is it possible that even though all the cells of contains nuclear pores? a multicellular organism contain the same DNA, there are many different types of cells that differ in structure and function? Slide 15 / 81 Slide 16 / 81 13 How are chromosomes related to chromatin? 14 How does the ‘packing’ of DNA impact the process of gene expression in cells? Slide 17 / 81 Slide 18 / 81 15 How does the presence of transcription factors 16 How is the presence of transcription factors influence the process of gene expression? related to external stimuli in an environment?
Slide 19 / 81 Slide 20 / 81 17 Explain the observable differences that would 18 In what way does the splicing of a molecule of exist between a molecule of pre-mRNA and a mRNA alter the contents of the molecule? Be finished molecule of mRNA? sure to use appropriate terminology. Slide 21 / 81 Slide 22 / 81 19 How does alternative splicing affect the ability of 20 Explain how nuclear pores are like the a molecule of mRNA to produce multiple ‘gatekeepers’ of the nuclear membrane. proteins? Slide 23 / 81 Slide 24 / 81 21 How does the length of a poly-A tail on mRNA 22 Given the sequence of eukaryotic DNA below, impact the amount of protein can be produced transcribe the gene and complete all three steps from the mRNA? of RNA processing. (Exons are bold) Non-template strand: 5’ATT ATGGGCAT ATATCCG GCGCCT TAATT ATTC 3’ Template strand: 3’ TAA TACCCGTA TATAGGC CGCGGA ATTAA TAAG 5 ’
Slide 25 / 81 Slide 26 / 81 23 How is the process of transcription related to the 24 Why is the nucleus often referred to as the process of translation in the cell? ‘control center’ of the cell. Slide 27 / 81 Slide 28 / 81 25 Is the process of gene expression the same in 26 What is the difference between prokaryotic and prokaryotes as it is in eukaryotes? Explain your eukaryotic DNA? answer. Slide 29 / 81 Slide 30 / 81 27 What role do histones play in the packing of DNA? 28 How is the presence of transcription factors related to the characteristics that define living organisms?
Slide 31 / 81 Slide 32 / 81 29 Identify the purpose of the modification of pre- 30 Why are coding segments of mRNA referred to as mRNA by adding the nucleotide cap and poly-A ‘exons?’ tail. Slide 33 / 81 Slide 34 / 81 31 Explain how alternative splicing allows a cell to 32 Given the sequence of eukaryotic DNA below, produce different proteins from the same segment transcribe the gene and complete all three steps of mRNA. of RNA processing. (Exons are bold) Non-template strand: 3’GGCC GGCTA TAATC GATACTT ACGAATGTA AAA5’ Template strand: 5’CCGG CCGAT ATTAG CTATGAA TGCTTACAT TTT3’ Slide 35 / 81 Slide 36 / 81 33 What role do hydrolytic enzymes play in the 34 What are the components of the ‘endomembrane production of protein in a cell? system?’
Slide 37 / 81 Slide 38 / 81 35 How does the role of the smooth endoplasmic 36 Explain the progression of a protein through the reticulum relate to the amount of smooth E.R. endomembrane system of a cell. found within different types of cells? Slide 39 / 81 Slide 40 / 81 37 Compare the Golgi apparatus to a component of a 38 How is the creation of lysosomes related to the city or town, based on the function of the Golgi apparatus? organelle. Slide 41 / 81 Slide 42 / 81 39 How is a peroxisome related to a lysosome? 40 Why are cell membranes often referred to as semipermeable?
Slide 43 / 81 Slide 44 / 81 41 Identify and explain the process by which large 42 What is a ‘secretory protein?’ proteins created in the cell are transported to the extracellular environment? Slide 45 / 81 Slide 46 / 81 43 Identify the relationship between ribosomes and 44 How does a glycoprotein help determine the role the rough endoplasmic reticulum. of a protein within a cell? Slide 47 / 81 Slide 48 / 81 45 What is the function of the Golgi apparatus in the 46 Identify three different cellular functions process of protein production within a cell? accomplished by the smooth E.R.
Slide 49 / 81 Slide 50 / 81 47 What is the purpose of lysosomes for the cell? 48 What function do peroxisomes perform for the cell? Slide 51 / 81 Slide 52 / 81 49 What role might a protein play that is created 50 Why is endocytosis important for efficient cellular within the cell and becomes embedded in the cell function? membrane? Slide 53 / 81 Slide 54 / 81 51 Explain the structure of a chloroplast, identifying 52 What is the function of the mitochondria for the the areas where the light reactions and Calvin cell? cycle occur.
Slide 55 / 81 Slide 56 / 81 53 Do prokaryotic cells contain mitochondria? 54 Both mitochondria and chloroplasts contain Explain your answer. highly folded internal membranes. Explain the importance of these membranes for the organelle, including the importance of the folded nature. Slide 57 / 81 Slide 58 / 81 55 Briefly summarize the endosymbiotic theory as 56 According to the endosymbiotic theory, before proposed by Lynn Margulis. they were eukaryotic organelles, the chloroplast and mitochondria more closely resembled what type of organism? Slide 59 / 81 Slide 60 / 81 57 Why is mitochondrial DNA utilized to trace 58 Identify the role of the chloroplast for a plant cell. maternal heritage?
Slide 61 / 81 Slide 62 / 81 59 Do plant cells contain mitochondria even though 60 Explain the meaning of the term endosymbiosis. they are photosynthetic? Explain your answer. Slide 63 / 81 Slide 64 / 81 61 What is the evidence used to support the 62 What is the ‘mitochondrial eve?’ endosymbiotic theory? Slide 65 / 81 Slide 66 / 81 63 Why do organisms receive all of their 64 How is the central vacuole of a plant cell related mitochondrial DNA from their mother? to wilting?
Slide 67 / 81 Slide 68 / 81 65 How do a food vacuole and lysosome help to 66 What is the role of a contractile vacuole in a cell? digest particles within a cell? Slide 69 / 81 Slide 70 / 81 67 How are sugars related to the cell wall of plant 68 Why is it important that adjacent plant and animal cells? cells contain cell junctions? Slide 71 / 81 Slide 72 / 81 69 Suppose you are investigating a cell that contains 70 Which sort of cell junction would you most likely plasmodesmata. Would you label this cell as a observe between adjacent cells that cannot plant or animal cell? Explain your answer. experience leakage? What type of cells may you be observing?
Slide 73 / 81 Slide 74 / 81 71 If animal cells need to transport ions and sugars, 72 What is a vacuole? what sort of cell junction would you predict they would utilize? Support your response. Slide 75 / 81 Slide 76 / 81 73 How is a central vacuole related to turgor 74 What is a cytoskeleton and what does it do for the pressure in a cell? cell? Slide 77 / 81 Slide 78 / 81 75 Compare and contrast the external structure of 76 What role does the extracellular matrix provide for plant cells and fungi. a group of cells?
Slide 79 / 81 Slide 80 / 81 77 Do plant and animal cells contain the same type 78 Finish the following analogy. Plasmodesmata: of cell junctions? Why or why not? plant cells:: __________________: animal cells. Slide 81 / 81 79 Identify three differences between the structure of plant and animal cells.
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