Heat Producing Technologies Solar Thermal Hot Water Systems – building location and feature requirements Any overshading of the solar collector(s) will have an impact on how much available solar energy that is transferred from the sun to the solar hot water system. The degree of overshading may vary from season to season due to the varying height of the sun in the sky, and where the overshading is caused by a deciduous tree. Overshading
Heat Producing Technologies Solar Thermal Hot Water Systems – building location and feature requirements Overshading % of sky blocked Impact of overshading by obstacles (% reduction in potential system performance) Heavy ˃ 80% 50% Significant ˃ 60 - 80% 35% Modest 20% - 60% 20% None or very little ˂ 20% none Based upon Table H4, SAP, 2009
Heat Producing Technologies Solar Thermal Hot Water Systems – building location and feature requirements The collector mounting structure must be suitable in terms of being: of sufficient size (m 2 ) • − typically a minimum of 3- 4m 2 of suitable collector mounting area is needed with approximately 1m 2 to 1.25m 2 of collector area being required per person • strong enough to support the collectors − as well as considering the the potential for collapse or damage to the structure under normal conditions, wind uplift loads must be considered and assessed. • in good condition − there is no sense in installing a solar collector to a roof that is in a poor state of repair. Any repairs or refurbishment should be carried out prior to installing the solar collector(s)
Heat Producing Technologies Solar Thermal Hot Water Systems – building location and feature requirements Compatibility with any Existing Hot Water System
Heat Producing Technologies Solar Thermal Hot Water Systems: Learning Check 2 Q1. What type of solar hot water system is typically suitable for a property with and East/West roof orientation? Q2. What effect will heavy overshading of solar collectors have on system performance? Q.3 What are the essential requirements for a structure to be suitable for the mounting solar collectors? Q4. Which type of hot water system is most compatible with a solar hot water system?
Heat Producing Technologies Solar Thermal Hot Water Systems – Advantages and Disadvantages Some example advantages and disadvantages are: Advantages Disadvantages Reduces carbon dioxide Not compatible will all existing emissions hot water systems Solar energy is free, energy costs Less solar energy is available in will be reduced the winter months Relatively low maintenance is Initial installation costs can be needed off-putting Improves Energy Performance Needs a back-up heat source Certificate ratings
An Introduction to Heat Pump Systems
Heat Producing Technologies Heat Pump Systems: Objectives At the end of this session you will: • understand the fundamental working principles of a heat pump unit • know the common types of heat pump unit • know the types of heat emitters that are suitable for heat pump system installations • recognise the top level regulatory requirements that apply in relation to heat pump systems installation work • recognise the fundamental requirements of building location and building features for the potential to install heat pump systems to exist • recognise the typical advantages and disadvantages of heat pump systems
Heat Producing Technologies Heat Pump Systems: What is a heat pump? A heat pump is a device for converting low temperature heat a to higher temperature heat Some heat pumps can also work in reverse and convert high temperature heat to a lower temperature
Heat Producing Technologies Heat Pump Systems: How does a heat pump work? Most heat pumps make use of the mechanical vapour compression cycle commonly known as the refrigeration cycle to convert heat form one temperature to another. The heat pump refrigeration cycle works on a similar principle to a domestic refrigerator but in reverse.
Heat Producing Technologies Heat Pump Systems: The Heat pump refrigeration cycle
Heat Producing Technologies Heat Pump Systems: How efficient are heat pumps? Depending on the application, operating conditions and type of heat pump utilised, heat pump energy output can be 300% to 500% more than the electrical energy input. Heat Pump efficiency is referred to as Coefficient of Performance (COP) In its simplest form COP relates to heating output divided by the electrical power input . For this example the COP is 4.0, calculated as follows: Heating output (4kW) ÷ Electrical power input (1kW) = 4.0
Heat Producing Technologies Heat Pump Systems
Heat Producing Technologies External Air Source Heat Pump System Options
Heat Producing Technologies Ground Source Heat Pump System Options
Heat Producing Technologies Ground Source Heat Pump System Options
Heat Producing Technologies Ground Source Heat Pump System Options
Heat Producing Technologies Ground Source Heat Pump System Options
Heat Producing Technologies Water Source Heat Pump System Options
Heat Producing Technologies Heat Pump Systems: Learning Check 1 Q1. What type of heat conversion process does a heat pump use? Q2. What types of heat source options exist? Q3. What types of heat sink circuit exist? Q4. What is the typical % increase in energy output from a heat pump in relation to the electrical energy input? Q5. What does Coefficient of Performance relate to?
Heat Producing Technologies Heat Pump System Piped Water ‘Heat Sink’ (Emitter) Circuits Heat sink circuit mean water temperature (MWT) considerations
Heat Producing Technologies Heat Pump System Piped Water ‘Heat Sink’ (Emitter) Circuit Options Domestic Hot Water Storage The ‘tank-in-tank’ design provides a large surface to surface contact between the heating circuit water and the stored domestic hot water. This design is very suitable due to the lower temperature of the heating circuit water in a heat pump system when compared to a traditional boiler-fed heating system. ‘Tank-in-Tank’ Hot Water Cylinder
Heat Producing Technologies Heat Pump System Piped Water ‘Heat Sink’ (Emitter) Circuit Options Underfloor Heating Underfloor heating systems operate at a lower mean (average) water temperature than a heating system with radiators. Therefore, underfloor heating is very suitable for use with heat pumps.
Heat Producing Technologies Heat Pump System Piped Water ‘Heat Sink’ (Emitter) Circuit Options Panel Radiators Standard type panel radiators are designed to work at a mean (average) water temperature of approximately 70 o C. A heat pump system mean water temperature will typically be between 30 o C and 40 o C
Heat Producing Technologies Heat Pump System Piped Water ‘Heat Sink’ (Emitter) Circuit Options Convector Heaters Natural and fanned convector heaters are suitable for use with heat pumps. As is the case with low temperature, high efficiency panel radiators, where natural and/or fanned convector heaters used, the Coefficient of Example Fanned Convector Heater Performance will typically be lower than if underfloor heating is used.
Heat Producing Technologies Heat Pump System Piped Water ‘Heat Sink’ (Emitter) Circuits Buffer Tanks Some heat sink circuits make use of a component called a buffer tank. In basic terms, a buffer tank is a vessel that accumulates and stores heating circuit water ready for use when needed.
Heat Producing Technologies Heat Pump Systems – Regulatory Requirements The installation of a of heat pump system will require compliance with • Building Regulations • Town and Country Planning Regulations A number of other regulatory requirements including health and safety, water regulations, electrical regulations will also apply.
Heat Producing Technologies Heat Pump Systems – Regulatory Requirements Building Regulations Part Topic Relevance or possible relevance A Structure Where heat pumps and other components put load on the structure B Fire Safety Where holes for pipes etc. may reduce the fire resistant integrity of the building structure C Site preparation and Where holes for pipes etc. may resistance to moisture reduce the moisture resistant integrity of the building structure
Heat Producing Technologies Heat Pump Systems – Regulatory Requirements Part Topic Relevance or possible relevance E Resistance to the passage Where holes for pipes etc. may of sound reduce sound proof integrity of the building structure G Sanitation, hot water Hot water safety and water safety and water efficiency efficiency L Conservation of fuel and Energy efficiency of the system power and the building P Electrical safety in Safe installation of electrical dwellings controls and components
Heat Producing Technologies Heat Pump Systems – Regulatory Requirements Town and Country Planning Regulations Installing a ground source or water source heat pump system does not usually need planning permission and should fall within permitted development rights. Due to potential noise issues, most air source heat pump installation currently require planning permission. However, this is currently being reviewed and as soon as relevant standards and safeguards to deal with noise have been established air source heat pumps are likely to be classified as permitted development.
Heat Producing Technologies Heat Pump Systems - Building location and feature requirements For the potential to install to a heat pump system to exist, as a minimum some or all of the following building and location factors will need to be considered: • an appropriate heat source (air, ground or water) • the availability of a suitable location to mount the components - particularly the potential for noise issues if an air source heat pump is being considered • The compatibility of the proposed installation with any existing heating and hot water system unless a new heating and hot water system is to be installed
Heat Producing Technologies Heat Pump Systems: Learning Check 2 Q1. What is the mean water temperature used in a heating system connected to a heat pump? Q2. What type of domestic hot water cylinder is most suitable for use in a heat pump system? Q3. What component can be used to prevent the heat pump cycling on and off during short-term heat demand periods? Q4. Which type of heat pump installation is most likely to require planning permission?
Heat Producing Technologies Heat Pump Systems – Advantages and Disadvantages Some example advantages and disadvantages are: Advantages Disadvantages Reduces carbon dioxide Not usually suitable for emissions connection to existing heating systems using panel radiators Efficiencies between 300% to Initial installation costs can be 500% are typical. off-putting Relatively low maintenance is Air source installations can needed present a noise issue Improves Energy Performance Ground source installations Certificate ratings require a large ground area or a borehole
An Introduction to Biomass Fuelled Systems
Heat Producing Technologies Biomass Fuelled Systems: Objectives At the end of this session you will: • understand the fundamental working principles of biomass fuelled systems • recognise the top level regulatory requirements that apply in relation to biomass fuelled systems installation work • recognise the fundamental requirements of building location and building features for the potential to install to a biomass fuelled system to exist • recognise the typical advantages and disadvantages of biomass fuelled systems
Heat Producing Technologies Biomass Fuelled Systems: The Biomass Resource
Heat Producing Technologies Biomass Fuelled Systems: Woody Biomass fuels Logs Logs have been used to provide heating for hundreds of years and is the original biomass fuel. Logs for biomass appliances need to be of maximum length and diameter Wood Wood Chip is typically produced from the Chip ‘small round-wood’ that is left over when trees are felled and logs are harvested but can also be produced from reclaimed timber Pellets Wood pellets are pellets made from fine wood particles such as sawdust. They are cylindrical in shape, typically 6 or 8mm wide (diameter), and 15-30mm long.
Heat Producing Technologies Biomass Fuelled Systems: Biomass Appliances Biomass Stove Biomass Boiler
Heat Producing Technologies Biomass Fuelled Systems: Biomass stove fuel options Pellet burning biomass stoves and log burning biomass stoves are available. The typical heat capacity range for biomass stoves is 5- 15kW but some stoves can be regulated to outputs as low as 2kW
Heat Producing Technologies Biomass Fuelled Systems: Biomass stove fuel options Pellet burning biomass stoves include an integrated hopper and an auger feed mechanism that transfers the pellets from the hopper to the burner when heat is needed. Log burning stoves require manual loading
Heat Producing Technologies Biomass Fuelled Systems : Biomass stoves output options
Heat Producing Technologies Biomass Fuelled Systems: Biomass boiler fuel options Biomass boilers are available for all three main type of biomass fuel. Some biomass boilers are multi-fuel boilers. Pellet burning boilers and wood chip boilers will include some type of automated feed arrangement to transfer the fuel to the burner. In many cases and automated feed arrangement is also used to transfer the fuel from the store to the appliance. Log burning boilers require manual loading.
Heat Producing Technologies Biomass Fuelled Systems: Biomass boiler output options Biomass boilers can provide heat for domestic hot water and space heating purposes. The typical minimum heat output rating for biomass boilers is 8kW for pellet boilers, 12kw for log boilers and 25kW for wood chip boilers. Biomass boilers are typically more suited to larger domestic properties, non-domestic applications and communal heating schemes.
Heat Producing Technologies Biomass Fuel Storage and Transfer For smaller installations, biomass pellets are available in sealed bags that can be carried and loaded directly into the appliance. For larger installations with automated fuel transfer, the fuels can either be stored in the existing building in a room near the boiler, or in a separate store outside the building. External storage options include an underground store or over ground silo from where the fuel is fed to the boiler by auger or suction. In underground stores for pellets, it is important to ensure that no moisture can get in. Stores for chips should be well ventilated to let the wood dry and prevent mould. The size of the fuel store depends on many factors: anticipated fuel requirements, fuel type, reliability of deliveries, space available, delivery vehicle capacity etc.
Heat Producing Technologies Biomass Fuel Storage and Transfer Example biomass boiler with attached external fuel hopper
Heat Producing Technologies Biomass-fuelled Systems – Example fuel transfer arrangements Example pellet silo providing bulk storage with overhead supply to boiler hopper
Heat Producing Technologies Biomass-fuelled Systems – Example fuel transfer arrangements Example bulk storage with auger feed direct to boiler
Heat Producing Technologies Biomass Fuelled Systems: Learning Check 1 Q1. Why is biomass considered to a carbon neutral fuel? Q2. As well as logs and pellets, what other type of biomass fuel is available? Q3. What type of biomass appliance is typically the best type for a small property? Q4. What type of biomass fuel is suitable for storage in a circular underground storage tank?
Heat Producing Technologies Biomass Fuelled Systems – Regulatory Requirements Building Regulations Part Topic Relevance or possible relevance A Structure Where the biomass appliance and other components put load on the structure B Fire Safety Where holes for pipes etc. may reduce the fire resistant integrity of the building structure C Site preparation Where holes for pipes etc. may reduce the and resistance to moisture resistant integrity of the building moisture structure E Resistance to the Where holes for pipes etc. may reduce passage of sound sound proof integrity of the building structure
Heat Producing Technologies Biomass Fuelled Systems – Regulatory Requirements Building Regulations Part Topic Relevance or possible relevance G Sanitation, hot water Hot water safety and water efficiency safety and water efficiency J Combustion Biomass appliances are a heat- appliances and Fuel producing combustion appliances Storage system and must be installed safely L Conservation of fuel Energy efficiency of the system and and power the building P Electrical safety in Safe installation of electrical controls dwellings and components
Heat Producing Technologies Biomass Fuelled Systems – Regulatory Requirements Town and Country Planning Regulations Planning permission is not normally needed when installing a biomass fuelled system in a house if the work is all internal. If the installation requires a flue outside, however, it will normally be permitted development if: • Flues on the rear or side elevation of the building project to a maximum of one metre above the highest part of the roof. If the building is listed or in a designated area even if the building has permitted development rights it is advisable to check with the local planning authority before a flue is fitted. Consent is also likely to be needed for internal alterations.
Heat Producing Technologies Biomass Fuelled Systems – Regulatory Requirements Town and Country Planning Regulations In a conservation area or in a World Heritage site the flue should not be fitted on the principal or side elevation if it would be visible from a highway. If the project also requires an outside building to store fuel or related equipment the same rules apply to that building as for other extensions and garden outbuildings.
Heat Producing Technologies Biomass Fuelled Systems – Regulatory Requirements The Clean Air Act and Smoke Control Areas Under the Clean Air Act, local authorities may declare the whole or part of the district of the authority to be a smoke control area. It is an offence to emit smoke from a chimney of a building, from a furnace or from any fixed boiler if located in a designated smoke control area unless it is an exempted appliance using an authorised fuel. The Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs has powers under the Act to authorise smokeless fuels or exempt appliances for use in smoke control areas in England. The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) provides information regarding exempted appliances and exempted fuels. Local authorities are responsible for enforcing the legislation in smoke control areas and the local authority should be contacted for details of any smoke control areas in their area. The local authority may also be able to provide information regarding exempted appliances and exempted fuels.
Heat Producing Technologies Biomass Fuelled Systems - Building location and feature requirements For the potential to install to a biomass fuelled system to exist, as a minimum some or all of the following building and location factors will need to be considered: • A suitable flue or chimney system or the potential to install a suitable flue or chimney system. The flue system must be constructed of, or lined with a material that is a suitable to receive the products of combustion from a biomass appliance. Prefabricated gas appliance flue systems are not suitable for biomass appliances. The flue must also be fitted with and appropriate terminal to disperse the products of combustion. • A suitable location and arrangement for fuel storage. Factors such a space, moisture, access for fuel deliveries and the frequency of fuel deliveries must be considered.
Heat Producing Technologies Biomass Fuelled Systems: Learning Check 2 Q1. Is the installation of a biomass stove in a house classified as permitted development under the Town and Country Planning Regulations? Q2. What is an ‘exempted appliance’? Q3. What does DEFRA stand for?
Heat Producing Technologies Biomass Fuelled Systems – Advantages and Disadvantages Some example advantages and disadvantages are: Advantages Disadvantages Biomass is a carbon neutral Requires a suitable flue/chimney technology system Does not rely on building Initial installation costs can be off- orientation or weather conditions putting to operate effectively Biomass is generally considered Typically require a large space to to be an inexhaustible fuel source store fuel Producing biomass fuel is very Sometimes considered less cheap compared to the cost of suitable for smaller properties finding and extracting fossil fuels
An Introduction to Solar Photovoltaic Systems
Electricity Producing Technologies Solar Photovoltaic Systems: Objectives At the end of this session you will: • understand the fundamental working principles of solar photovoltaic systems • recognise the top level regulatory requirements that apply in relation to solar photovoltaic systems installation work • recognise the fundamental requirements of building location and building features for the potential to install to a solar photovoltaic system to exist • recognise the typical advantages and disadvantages of solar photovoltaic systems
Electricity Producing Technologies Solar Photovoltaic Systems – Introduction In basic terms a solar photovoltaic system is a system that uses solar cells to convert light energy from the sun into electricity. Solar cells are semiconductors -typically silicon. A group of solar cells it needed to generate a usable amount of electricity. A group of solar cells is known as a solar photovoltaic module. Solar photovoltaic electricity is a zero carbon technology.
Electricity Producing Technologies Solar Photovoltaic Systems – Basic System Categories Although there are a number of system types, variations and configurations, solar photovoltaic systems fall into two basic system categories: ‘on-grid’ systems ‘off-grid’ systems
Electricity Producing Technologies Solar Photovoltaic Systems – Direct Current and Alternating Current Some electrical appliances operate using direct current electricity, but the most common type of electricity used in our homes and places of work etc. is alternating current. Before direct current (d.c) electricity that is generated by a solar photovoltaic system can be used with alternating current (a.c.) systems and appliances, the electricity has to be converted from d.c. to a.c. electricity. It is only possible to export alternating current (a.c.) electricity to the electricity distribution grid. Therefore on-grid a.c. solar photovoltaic systems are the most popular an common type of system.
Electricity Producing Technologies Solar Photovoltaic Systems - Example ‘on-grid’ system layout Please note that due to the awareness only nature of this course , some system components are not shown. This is not an installation diagram.
Electricity Producing Technologies Solar Photovoltaic System Components - Solar Photovoltaic Module Sometimes referred to as a solar photovoltaic panel, solar photovoltaic modules are Module mounted in a suitable location - often on a building - where they will receive the maximum amount of solar energy. A group of solar photovoltaic modules is known as an solar photovoltaic array. A range of different solar photovoltaic modules (monocrystaline, polycrystaline, thin-film etc.) are available, each type having different levels of efficiency. Solar photovoltaic array
Electricity Producing Technologies Solar Photovoltaic System Components - Inverter The inverter is the system component that converts the direct current (d.c.) to alternating current (a.c). Depending upon the photovoltaic module layout and size, the d.c voltages that enter the inverter can be very high. The inverter can be mounted in the roof area adjacent to the PV module location or in the building.
Electricity Producing Technologies Solar Photovoltaic System Components – Consumer Unit The consumer unit or fuse board as it is sometimes referred to is used to as the connection point for the solar photovoltaic system installation. . Where the existing consumer unit is of a modern type, and has a spare connection circuit point available, it can often be utilized. Older type consumer units will need to be replaced at the time that the solar photovoltaic system is installed.
Electricity Producing Technologies Solar Photovoltaic System Components – Generation Meter A generation meter is fitted to record how much solar generated electricity has been exported to the supply grid. Some energy supplier’s incoming supply (import) meter have the capability to perform this function but a generation meter is typically included as part of the solar photovoltaic installation. The generation meter must be of an approved type and located in a position where it is easily accessible for reading purposes.
Electricity Producing Technologies Solar Photovoltaic Systems : Learning Check 1 Q1. Where is a semiconductor material used in a solar photovoltaic system? Q2. What is the most popular type of solar photovoltaic systems? Q3. What is a solar photovoltaic array? Q4. What is the function of a solar photovoltaic system inverter?
Electricity Producing Technologies Solar Photovoltaic Systems – Regulatory Requirements The installation of a solar photovoltaic system will require compliance with a number of regulatory requirements including health and safety, electrical regulations and regulations relating to the connection of ‘on-grid’ solar photovoltaic systems. Here we consider two primary regulatory requirements in relation to solar photovoltaic systems: • Building Regulations • Town and Country Planning Regulations
Electricity Producing Technologies Solar Photovoltaic Systems – Regulatory Requirements Building Regulations Part Topic Relevance or possible relevance A Structure Where solar photovoltaic modules and other components put load on the structure, in particular wind uplift loads B Fire Safety Where holes for cables etc. may reduce the fire resistant integrity of the building structure C Site preparation Where holes for cables etc. may reduce the and resistance to moisture resistant integrity of the building moisture structure
Electricity Producing Technologies Solar Photovoltaic Systems – Regulatory Requirements Building Regulations Part Topic Relevance or possible relevance E Resistance to the Where holes for cables etc. may reduce sound passage of sound proof integrity of the building structure P Electrical safety Safe installation of electrical controls and in dwellings components
Electricity Producing Technologies Solar Photovoltaic Systems – Regulatory Requirements Town and Country Planning Regulations – Building Mounted Arrays The installation of building mounted solar photovoltaic arrays is typically classed as permitted development providing : • the solar modules are not installed above the ridgeline and do not project more than 200mm from the roof or wall surface. • the solar modules are sited, so far as is practicable, to minimise the effect on the appearance of the building • the solar modules are sited, so far as is practicable, to minimise the effect on the amenity of the area. • the property is not a listed building • the property is not in a conservation area or in a World Heritage Site
Electricity Producing Technologies Solar Photovoltaic Systems – Regulatory Requirements Town and Country Planning Regulations – Stand-alone Arrays The installation of a stand-alone solar photovoltaic arrays is typically classed as permitted development providing : • The array is no higher than four metres • The array is sited at least 5m from boundaries • The size of array is limited to 9m 2 or 3m wide and 3m deep • The array is not being installed within boundary of a listed building • In the case of land in a conservation area or in a World Heritage Site the array will not be visible from the highway. • Only one stand-alone solar installation is being installed.
Electricity Producing Technologies Solar Photovoltaic Systems - Building location and feature requirements For the potential to install to a solar photovoltaic system to exist, as a minimum some or all of the following building and location factors will need to be considered: • orientation of the solar photovoltaic array • tilt solar photovoltaic array • adjacent structures or obstructions that introduce overshading • the availability of a suitable solar photovoltaic array mounting structure
Electricity Producing Technologies Solar Photovoltaic Systems – building location and feature requirements Orientation As with solar hot water system collectors , the ideal orientation to mount solar photovoltaic modules is south facing. Orientations between south east and south west will also provide good results.
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