Effectiveness o s of Aerosols for Insect Control in th the Food - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Effectiveness o s of Aerosols for Insect Control in th the Food Industry Frank Art Arthur USDA-ARS- -CGHAR Manhattan, K , KS 66502

During This This Conference • You have heard presen entations on aspects of fumigation with MB an and SF • You will hear talks on i n insect monitoring, control • Where do aerosols fit i it in with whole-plant treatments?

Aerosols/Fogs/ULV s/ULV Defined • Aerosols (Fogs, ULVs) s) are liquid formulations, atomized and applied ed through a nozzle • Kill exposed flying or c r crawling insects • They do not penetrate rate food material, packaging, equipment ent, etc. (Not Fumigants) • Aerosols and fumigant nts sometimes are used interchangeably

Red flour be ur beetle (RFB) Tribolium c castaneum

Confused flour ur beetle (CFB) Tribolium c lium confusum

Why These se Species? • Common pests of stored ored food • CFB adults do not fly, R , RFB adults fly at ~ 80- 85°F, minimizes escape ape into facility • These species generall erally harder to kill than other stored product b t beetles • Can do tests with larva rvae as well

Field Trials w with Aerosols • Questions regarding di dispersion of aerosols, efficacy, and residual p l persistence • Hard to evaluate aeros erosols in lab tests • I will discuss results fro from several different field projects

Field Trial Trial # 1 • Active commercial food od storage facility • Tests conducted in one ne room, approximately (600,000 ft 3 ) 225’L x 75’W x 35’H (6

Partial View of t f the Test Room

ULV Sys System • An installed ULV system tem on a timer, dispensed particle size ze about 15 microns • Insecticide was a mixtu ixture of 1% pyrethrin+ synergists, applications ns were made according to label specifications f s for this formulation • Trials conducted on 5 d 5 different dates with the red flour beetle and th the confused flour beetle

Methods of of Exposure • 15 positions on the floo loor of the testing area (5 on side walls, 5 in cen center, all front to back) • Ten adult CFB and RFB FB exposed in dishes (lined filter paper); w o or w/o 250 mg of flour; 4-week old larvae and d pupae with flour • Dishes exposed to ULV LV fog for 2 hours, controls were held in a a separate room

Position of Dishes, es, sets 1-5 and 11-15 between wall and p d pallets, X is nozzles 120 160 200 40 80 1 4 2 5 3 20 NORTH X 10 X 7 8 6 9 40 60 15 12 1 13 14 11

Fog distribution n from 2 nozzles suspended fro from the ceiling

RFB Adults ults-No Flour 100 Survival Percentage Response KD 80 Mortality 60 40 20 0 7-day ays 14-days Time Af After Exposure

CFB Adults ults-No Flour 100 Percentage Response Survival KD 80 Mortality 60 40 20 0 7-days 14-days Time After ter Exposure

Adult Survival: F Survival: Flour vs No Flour 20 No Flour % Survival-7 days Flour 15 10 5 0 CFB RFB Beetle tle Species

Results sults • Presence of the food s d source increased adult survival after exposure ure to aerosol • Similar to results from m studies with contact insecticides • Emphasizes importanc nce of sanitation • However, you can’t co completely eliminate all food sources in a mill ill or warehouse

Field Trial Trial # 2 • Pyrethrin-pyriproxyfen en (IGR NyGuard) • Concrete arenas placed ced in open and closed positions at the floor a r and 12-ft high • 4-week old larvae of red f red and confused flour beetles were exposed ed (with flour) • Residual tests every 2 2 weeks for 10 weeks

Concrete Exp xposure Arena

Results esults • No adult emergence of e of either species at any of the exposure positio itions (open or closed on the floor and at 12 ft. t. high) • Residues were active f e for up to 10 weeks with complete control of the the 4-week old larvae, none made it to the ad e adult stage

Field Trial Trial # 2A • Same insecticides and d exposure conditions, residual tests done at 0 t 0-10 weeks • Ten mixed-sex adult red red flour beetles exposed for one week eek with 300 mg of flour • Adults removed after 1 er 1 week, flour held for 6 weeks at 80°F-60% RH % RH (standard rearing)

Results esults • No differences with ex exposure positions (open or closed on the floor a r and at 12 ft. high) • No differences with week weeks, residues were again active for 10 week eeks

More R Results • Number of progeny ad adults in untreated controls averaged 26.0 6.0 ± 1.2 • Number of progeny ad adults in treatments averaged 0.07 ± 0.03, 3, even with an extra 4 week holding period • 2,732 total adults in th the untreated controls, only 8 in the treatmen ents!

Control rol Arena

Arena Exposed sed to Aerosol

Field Trial Trial # 3 • Active flour mill using g either 1% pyrethrin + Diacon or 3% pyrethri hrin + Diacon • Test involved 4 separa arate replications of each concentration • At each replication, tw two sets of 54 Petri dishes with 6 grams o of flour each were exposed in open area rea of one floor of the mill • Aerosol applied accord ording to label

Bioass assays • The two sets of 54 exp exposed dishes with the flour brought back to o lab and held in freezer • Every two weeks from m 0-16 weeks post- treatment one dish fro from each set removed from freezer-residual t l test of aerosol deposit • 3 grams from each dis dish divided into 6 dishes containing 0.5 grams s

Bioassays assays 2 • At each bioassay, 10 4 0 4-week-old red flour beetle larvae were put ut in each dish (60 total) • 10 4-week-old confused used flour beetle larvae put in each dish (60 to total) • Untreated controls als also set up for each bioassay on flour not ex t exposed to the aerosols

Untreated d Controls • Virtually 100% emergen ergence of normal adults in the untreated contro trols for both species • Few or no morphologi gical defects in immatures or adults • No differences at any y of the bioassay times • Controls excluded from rom further analysis

Results ults 1 • Emergence of adult red red flour beetles was 0 to 1.5% for both the 1 e 1% and 3% pyrethrin + Diacon, at all bioassay ays, for 16 weeks • Confused flour beetle le was much more tolerant to the aerosol sol mixture • Results similar to other her studies with IGRs • Reduced emergence o e of confused flour beetle adults at the 3% pyret rethrin-unexpected

Confused Fl Flour Beetle 1% PY+D 3% PY+D 40 % Adult Emergence * * * * 20 * * 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Weeks Post- st-Treatment

Results sults • Seemed to be an addi ditive effect of the two insecticides • Confused flour beetle le more tolerant species • Excellent residual effic efficacy of the aerosol • Additional research on on aerosol deposition on different packaging m materials

Results 2-Morpho hological Defects • Generally showed up ea p earlier in the red flour beetle compared to th the confused • For the red flour beetl eetle, most defects occurred in the larval al stage • For confused flour beet eetle, most defects occurred in the pupal al and adult stages • Greater effects with th the 3% pyrethrin + Diacon compared to th the 1% - unexpected

Both Sp Species 40 1% PY+D % Dead Larvae 3% PY+D 30 20 10 0 CFB RFB

Both Sp Species 50 1% PY+D % Arrested Larvae 40 3% PY+D 30 20 10 0 CFB RFB

Both Sp Species 2 % Arrested Larvae/Pupae 1% PY+D 3% PY+D 1 0 CFB RFB

Both Sp Species 30 1% P Y +D % Dead Pupae 3% P Y +D 20 10 0 C FB R FB

Summ mary • Aerosol insecticides can can be effectively used in commercial facilities • They can replace but p t probably not eliminate all whole-plant treatmen ments • We need much more res re research in actual field sites and commercial fa l facilities

For More Info nformation • frank.arthur@ars.usda. da.gov www.ars.usda.gov/npa pa/gmprc/spiru/arthur • Phone: 785-776-2783 • www.ars.usda.gov/npa pa/gmprc/spiru