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Editing a XVth century political treatise using the computer: a back-and-forth between meaning and information Matthias GILLE LEVENSON PhD student, cole Normale Suprieure de Lyon Iberian Connections seminar November 12, 2019 . . . . .

  1. Editing a XVth century political treatise using the computer: a back-and-forth between meaning and information Matthias GILLE LEVENSON PhD student, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon Iberian Connections seminar November 12, 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Matthias GILLE LEVENSON From information to meaning November 12, 2019 1 / 22

  2. Information and meaning Ms. 2097, University of Salamanca Ms. II/215, Real Biblioteca, Madrid Inc/901, National Library, Madrid fol. 436r fol. 453r fol. 244v . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Matthias GILLE LEVENSON From information to meaning November 12, 2019 2 / 22

  3. Acquiring the information : the transcription. To OCR (HTR?) or not to OCR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Matthias GILLE LEVENSON From information to meaning November 12, 2019 3 / 22

  4. Acquiring the information : the transcription. To OCR (HTR?) or not to OCR • Advantages : • Gain of time for large corpuses • Conservation of graphical features made easier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Matthias GILLE LEVENSON From information to meaning November 12, 2019 3 / 22

  5. Acquiring the information : the transcription. To OCR (HTR?) or not to OCR • Advantages : • Gain of time for large corpuses • Conservation of graphical features made easier • Method : 1. Make a conservative transcription of some folios of the witness; 2. Feed the program with the transcription = train a model with Ocropy [Breuel 2008]; 3. Predict new text, correct, re-train, and so on until a given error rate is reached; 4. Use the best model on new folios. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Matthias GILLE LEVENSON From information to meaning November 12, 2019 3 / 22

  6. Acquiring the information : the transcription. To OCR (HTR?) or not to OCR • Advantages : • Gain of time for large corpuses • Conservation of graphical features made easier • Method : 1. Make a conservative transcription of some folios of the witness; 2. Feed the program with the transcription = train a model with Ocropy [Breuel 2008]; 3. Predict new text, correct, re-train, and so on until a given error rate is reached; 4. Use the best model on new folios. • Results : • Low error rate with incunabulas ( ≈ 5%); • Less accurate with manuscript writing, but it is improving: Kraken [Kiessling 2019]; • The main issue is the line segmentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Matthias GILLE LEVENSON From information to meaning November 12, 2019 3 / 22

  7. Structuring the information : the TEI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Matthias GILLE LEVENSON From information to meaning November 12, 2019 4 / 22

  8. Structuring the information : the TEI What are the interests of a community driven standard ? [Burnard 2015] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Matthias GILLE LEVENSON From information to meaning November 12, 2019 5 / 22

  9. Structuring the information : the TEI What are the interests of a community driven standard ? [Burnard 2015] • It’s a standard ! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Matthias GILLE LEVENSON From information to meaning November 12, 2019 5 / 22

  10. Structuring the information : the TEI What are the interests of a community driven standard ? [Burnard 2015] • It’s a standard ! • And it’s community driven. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Matthias GILLE LEVENSON From information to meaning November 12, 2019 5 / 22

  11. Structuring the information : the TEI What are the interests of a community driven standard ? [Burnard 2015] • It’s a standard ! • And it’s community driven. • An ontology on the structure of texts 1 , a “conceptual model of textuality” [Ciotti 2018]. 1 N.B. : It is not an informatical ontology! See [Ciotti and Tomasi 2016] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Matthias GILLE LEVENSON From information to meaning November 12, 2019 5 / 22

  12. Enriching the information : lemmatisation and POStagging Take aver , auer , haver : S S E R G O R P N I K R O W . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Matthias GILLE LEVENSON From information to meaning November 12, 2019 6 / 22

  13. Enriching the information : lemmatisation and POStagging Take aver , auer , haver : • Three different graphies. FORM : aver | auer | haver S S E R G O R P N I K R O W . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Matthias GILLE LEVENSON From information to meaning November 12, 2019 6 / 22

  14. Enriching the information : lemmatisation and POStagging Take aver , auer , haver : • Three different graphies. FORM : aver | auer | haver • Three forms of the verb haber . LEMMA : haber | haber | haber S S E R G O R P N I K R O W . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Matthias GILLE LEVENSON From information to meaning November 12, 2019 6 / 22

  15. Enriching the information : lemmatisation and POStagging Take aver , auer , haver : • Three different graphies. FORM : aver | auer | haver • Three forms of the verb haber . LEMMA : haber | haber | haber S S E R • Three infinitives. PART OF SPEECH : VMN000 | VMN000 | VMN000 [EAGLES / FREELING] G O R P N I K R O W . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Matthias GILLE LEVENSON From information to meaning November 12, 2019 6 / 22

  16. Enriching the information : lemmatisation and POStagging Take aver , auer , haver : • Three different graphies. FORM : aver | auer | haver • Three forms of the verb haber . LEMMA : haber | haber | haber S S E R • Three infinitives. PART OF SPEECH : VMN000 | VMN000 | VMN000 [EAGLES / FREELING] G O R P FORM ⇒ LEMMA POS = N aver , auer , haver VMN000 I ⇒ HABER = K R O W . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Matthias GILLE LEVENSON From information to meaning November 12, 2019 6 / 22

  17. Enriching the information : lemmatisation and POStagging Take aver , auer , haver : • Three different graphies. FORM : aver | auer | haver • Three forms of the verb haber . LEMMA : haber | haber | haber S S E R • Three infinitives. PART OF SPEECH : VMN000 | VMN000 | VMN000 [EAGLES / FREELING] G O R P FORM ⇒ LEMMA POS = N aver , auer , haver VMN000 I ⇒ HABER = K R This grammatical information is added to the TEI encoding, to be processed after. O W . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Matthias GILLE LEVENSON From information to meaning November 12, 2019 6 / 22

  18. Enriching the information : lemmatisation and POStagging Take aver , auer , haver : • Three different graphies. FORM : aver | auer | haver • Three forms of the verb haber . LEMMA : haber | haber | haber S S E R • Three infinitives. PART OF SPEECH : VMN000 | VMN000 | VMN000 [EAGLES / FREELING] G O R P FORM ⇒ LEMMA POS = N aver , auer , haver VMN000 I ⇒ HABER = K R This grammatical information is added to the TEI encoding, to be processed after. O W ↓ <w lemma="haber" pos="VMN000">aver</w> <w lemma="caballero" pos="NCMP000">cavalleros</w> <w lemma="muy" pos="RG">muy</w> I’m using the dictionnary created by Sánchez Marco for her PhD dissertation [Sánchez Marco 2012]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Matthias GILLE LEVENSON From information to meaning November 12, 2019 6 / 22

  19. What is the collatio ? “La colación o cotejo de todos los testimonios entre sí para determinar las lectiones variae o variantes” . [Blecua 1983] Can we simulate it with a computer ? Let’s highlight the two steps of the collatio : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Matthias GILLE LEVENSON From information to meaning November 12, 2019 7 / 22

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