Drowsiness problem The estimation of Drowsiness is an - PDF document

Drowsiness problem The estimation of • Drowsiness is an intermediate condition between alertness and sleep which reduces the consciousness level and hinder a person drowsiness under different to respond quickly (Awais, Badruddin, & Drieberg, 2017) conditions based on • Drowsy driving has caused about 2.5 percent of fatal accidents from 2011 through 2015 in the USA (Correa, Orosco, & Laciar, 2014) behaviour observations from • Contributed to 22%-24% of the crashes or near-crashes risks a simulator study (Klauer, Dingus, Neale, Sudweeks, & Ramsey, 2006) • German Road Council (DVR) - one out of four fatal highway crashes has been caused by drowsy drivers (Husar, 2010) WACHsens project Study procedure • 100 test persons gender and age balanced • 2 states, well-rested and tired • Partners – Human Research Institut für Gesundheitstechnologie und – tired state: awake for 16 h continuously or the Präventionsforschung GmbH previous night with half of the sleeping time. – Institut für Fahrzeugtechnik, Technische Universität Graz – AVL United Kingdom • 2 different driving modes in the simulator: manual and automated (LK and CC) • Aim – To develop a method in order to warn about impaired fitness to drive with the – manual-rested, automated-rested and manual-tired, primary goal of drowsiness detection automated-tired • Objectives: • 30 minute monotonous drive on a highway during twilight – to collect and merge data from different sensor as well as camera monitoring without traffic events and driver behaviour observations gathered from simulator test drives • avoid drinking alcohol or an unusual amount of caffeine- – to identify changes in the attention, especially when driving automated, and to identify possible safety-relevant effects. content drinks – Observation: to estimated the tiredness level � to combine it with the other data and to see if there are differences under different driving conditions • Data collection Observation procedure • Two observers • vehicle-based measures: • Using observation tool (excel based) for data – speed input and first calculations – steering wheel movement • pausing video at each new activity of the – position • physiological signals: testperson – EEG and ECG – skin conductivity and respiration – eyelid and eye movements • four cameras position – front – face – 2x from the side

Observation variables I Observation variables II • Based on Observer Rating of Drowsiness (ORD - • Position and activities of Wierwille & Ellsworth, 1994) and Observer Rated – both arms (position on the steering wheel or other Sleepiness (ORS – Anund et al. 2013) positions, scratching faces etc.) – both hands (short movements of the hands, movements of the fingers) • Measured on a 4 part scale: – the upper body (short movements, leaning forward, – 1 = no signs of sleepiness backwards, to the side, sighing etc.) – 2 = signs of sleepiness – the head (short movements, looking to the side, leaning forward, backwards, to the side etc.) – 3 = shortly before falling asleep • Activities of the face (yawning, lip and tongue – 4 = sleeping movements, mimic etc.) • Signs of sleepiness Sample description Gender count % men 25 50 Results women 25 50 total 50 100 Age count % Driving experience count % under 40 years 19 38 0-10k 4 8 between 40 and 60 years 15 30 10-50k 9 18 60 years and older 16 32 50-100k 7 14 total 50 100 over 100k 30 60 total 50 100 Experiences with driving count % assistant systems no 19 38 yes 31 62 total 50 100 Observer rating /test person Observer rating / rating test drives • Test persons rated their tiredness level on a 9 point scale awake / awake / tired / tired / (KSS - Karolinska Sleep Scale ) automated manual automated manual • Comparison with the observer rating (3 point scale) after No or hardly signs of sleepiness 34,2 73,5 26,0 54,0 the drive Signs of sleepiness but no sleep 42,1 20,4 20,0 20,0 Sleeping 23,7 6,1 54,0 26,0 • Result is significant (the higher the observer rating the higher the test person rating) total 100 100 100 100 awake tired automated manual No or hardly signs of sleepiness 56,3 40,0 29,5 63,6 count avarage of KSS score Signs of sleepiness but no sleep 29,9 20,0 29,5 20,2 No or hardly signs of sleepiness 99 5,23 Signs of sleepiness but no sleep 46 6,43 Sleeping 13,8 40,0 40,9 16,2 Sleeping 51 8,06 total 100 100 100 100 total 196 6,25

Observer rating / Observer rating / test drives test drives awake / awake / tired / tired / awake / awake / tired / tired / automated manual automated manual automated manual automated manual No or hardly signs of sleepiness 34,2 73,5 26,0 54,0 No or hardly signs of sleepiness 34,2 73,5 26,0 54,0 Signs of sleepiness but no sleep 42,1 20,4 20,0 20,0 Signs of sleepiness but no sleep 42,1 20,4 20,0 20,0 Sleeping 23,7 6,1 54,0 26,0 Sleeping 23,7 6,1 54,0 26,0 total 100 100 100 100 total 100 100 100 100 awake tired automated manual awake tired automated manual No or hardly signs of sleepiness 56,3 40,0 29,5 63,6 No or hardly signs of sleepiness 56,3 40,0 29,5 63,6 Signs of sleepiness but no sleep 29,9 20,0 29,5 20,2 Signs of sleepiness but no sleep 29,9 20,0 29,5 20,2 Sleeping 13,8 40,0 40,9 16,2 Sleeping 13,8 40,0 40,9 16,2 total 100 100 100 100 total 100 100 100 100 Observer rating / Observer rating / test drives test drives awake / awake / tired / tired / awake / awake / tired / tired / automated manual automated manual automated manual automated manual No or hardly signs of sleepiness 34,2 73,5 26,0 54,0 No or hardly signs of sleepiness 34,2 73,5 26,0 54,0 Signs of sleepiness but no sleep 42,1 20,4 20,0 20,0 Signs of sleepiness but no sleep 42,1 20,4 20,0 20,0 Sleeping 23,7 6,1 54,0 26,0 Sleeping 23,7 6,1 54,0 26,0 total 100 100 100 100 total 100 100 100 100 awake tired automated manual awake tired automated manual No or hardly signs of sleepiness 56,3 40,0 29,5 63,6 No or hardly signs of sleepiness 56,3 40,0 29,5 63,6 Signs of sleepiness but no sleep 29,9 20,0 29,5 20,2 Signs of sleepiness but no sleep 29,9 20,0 29,5 20,2 Sleeping 13,8 40,0 40,9 16,2 Sleeping 13,8 40,0 40,9 16,2 total 100 100 100 100 total 100 100 100 100 Observer rating / Test person characteristics test drives • No significant differences of body awake / awake / tired / tired / automated manual automated manual activities and observer rating with No or hardly signs of sleepiness 34,2 73,5 26,0 54,0 Signs of sleepiness but no sleep 42,1 20,4 20,0 20,0 regard to Sleeping 23,7 6,1 54,0 26,0 total 100 100 100 100 – Gender awake tired automated manual – Age No or hardly signs of sleepiness 56,3 40,0 29,5 63,6 Signs of sleepiness but no sleep 29,9 20,0 29,5 20,2 – Driving experience Sleeping 13,8 40,0 40,9 16,2 – Experience with driving assistant total 100 100 100 100 systems

Observer rating / activities First signs of sleepiness • No significant differences with regard to gender, • Significant less changes of positions and activities of – the left and right arm age, driving experience and experience with DAS – the upper body – the head time no or hardly signs 20:36 – the face signs of sleepiness 10:36 – and in total sleeping 08:12 between the test person with no signs of sleepiness in comparison with those with signs of tired 10:36 sleepiness or those who were sleeping awake 14:48 • Significant 35 differences between: 30 manual 14:48 25 automated 09:48 20 15 10 awake / automated 12:12 5 0 awake / manual 18:24 no or hardly no or hardly no or hardly no or hardly no or hardly sleepiness sleeping sleepiness sleeping sleepiness sleeping sleepiness sleeping sleepiness sleeping signes of signes of signes of signes of signes of signs signs signs signs signs tired / automated 08:17 tired / manual 13:00 left arm right arm upper body head face Conclusion Limitation • Test persons are getting tired earlier • Due to the workload mainly one observer � while driving in automated mode but ratings are similar with regard to the subjective ratings of the test persons • Driving “awake automated” seems to have a similar effect than driving “tired” • Simulator study • „extreme“ condition (no traffic, no • Tiredness leads to more body activities passenger, no music etc.) • Gender, age, driving experience and experience with DAS do not effect the sleepiness level or body activities Thank you!! Questions????