HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE TO THE FIRST Major cause of deaths Road - PDF document

24–25 th October 2019 HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE TO THE FIRST DROWSINESS STATE: AN EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS Vision zero for traffic fatalities and serious injuries—research questions and challenges Warsaw, Poland 1. BACKGROUND: DROWSINESS IMPACTS ON ROAD SAFETY HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE TO THE FIRST Major cause of deaths • Road crashes Strong physical injuries • DROWSINESS STATE: Significant economic impact • AN EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS DROWSINESS accounts for 20% of all fatal and severe crashes (Kecklund, Anund et al. 2011) and resulted in approximately 72.000 crashes, 44.000 injuries, and 800 deaths in the USA in 2013 (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, n.d.). Sónia Soares ▪ António Lobo ▪ Pedro Ferreira ▪ Sara Ferreira ▪ Carlos Campos Miguel Leitão ▪ Nuno Gregório ▪ Ana Bastos ▪ António Couto PREVENT Drowsiness analysis, detection and prediction CRASH RISK HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE TO THE FIRST DROWSINESS STATE: AN EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE TO THE FIRST DROWSINESS STATE: AN EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS 1. BACKGROUND: DROWSINESS EVALUATION 1. BACKGROUND: RESEARCH WORKFLOW SIESTA AWAREE 1. Factors with influence on drowsiness (2017-2018) (2018-2019) Time-on-task, sleep deprivation, lighting conditions, environment, road geometry... 2. Drowsiness measures Detailed driver / journey Biometric (physiological/neurophysiological) and subjective (self-assessment) • characterization Naturalistic study based on Monitoring of driver biometric • 3. Driving performance “opportunistic data” provided by parameters HealthyRoad Full control of experiments (driving • Trajectory, compliance with traffic rules... simulator) HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE TO THE FIRST DROWSINESS STATE: AN EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE TO THE FIRST DROWSINESS STATE: AN EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS 2. DATA SOURCES 3. OBJECTIVES “OPPORTUNISTIC” DATA DATA FROM DRIVING SIMULATION 4 distinct data sources fixed system, smartphone app, simulator app, KSS Fixed system Smartphone app Simulator app KSS Objectives: • Obtain the time till the first drowsiness alert Fixed dashboard Smartphone camera- Self-assessment of Smartphone camera- infrared camera that based application drowsiness levels in 15- based application used collects images of the used inside a driving min intervals during by the general public driver’s face and eyes simulator driving simulation Are the results from each dataset comparable? Alerts the driver Does not alert the driver UNCONTROLLED EXPERIMENTS CONTROLLED EXPERIMENTS • Analyse the impacts of driver characteristics on drowsiness

HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE TO THE FIRST DROWSINESS STATE: AN EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE TO THE FIRST DROWSINESS STATE: AN EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS 4. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES: SIMULATION SETTING 4. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES: DRIVER MONITORING STRATEGIES Biometric measures Driver variables Dynamic driving variables Eye-tracking system FOVIO Age Obtained by DriS: • • Gender Start of the driving g session • 14h00 Height/weight Speed • • Occupation Acceleration • • Driving g duration 75 min Smartwatch Hours slept in the previous night Deceleration • • • Steering wheel cover Bitalino Smoke habits Trajectory • • • Health history • Scenario Monotonous environment – rural freeway Habits of physical activity • Driving information • KSS (subjective) • Compliance with traffic rules No outside distractions (e.g. conversation, music, Conditions DriS – CITTA/ FEUP phone usage, etc.) Every 15 min HealthyRoad infrared and RGB • Drowsiness imposed by the scenario conditions and An attention sign appears in the vehicle dashboard cameras time of the journey The participants rate their drowsiness level DriveSafely app • HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE TO THE FIRST DROWSINESS STATE: AN EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE TO THE FIRST DROWSINESS STATE: AN EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS 5. FIRST STAGE: F-TEST 2X2 DATA SOURCES 5. FIRST STAGE: DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS F Value Fixed system Smartphone app Simulator app KSS Comparing the Fixed system Smartphone app Simulator app KSS Fixed system - - - - distributions of the time to the Smartphone app 1.262 - - - Total valid data 456.00 88.00 16.00 50.00 first alert Simulator app 1.154 1.093 - - Number of participants without alerts 122.00 36.00 3.00 8.00 KSS 1.137 1.109 1.014 - Mean time till the first alert (min) 23.99 22.94 25.48 34.62 Standard deviation (min) 25.42 26.87 28.42 26.47 Fixed Smartphone Simulator Fixed Smartphone Simulator F Critical Value KSS P(F ≤ f) KSS system app app system app app 25th percentile (min) 4.73 3.06 2.60 8.63 Fixed system - - - - Fixed system - - - - 75th percentile (min) 36.19 33.68 32.67 58.13 Smartphone app 1.295 - - - Smartphone app 0.070 - - - Simulator app 1.688 - - Simulator app 0.305 - - 2.132 0.449 KSS 1.382 1.542 1.876 - KSS 0.251 0.351 0.457 - HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE TO THE FIRST DROWSINESS STATE: AN EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE TO THE FIRST DROWSINESS STATE: AN EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS 6. SECOND STAGE: BINARY PROBIT MODEL 6. SECOND STAGE: RESULTS Independent variables Dependent variable Coefficient Standard Error Prob. |z|>Z* constant 4.44009*** .99381 .0000 Age age • • age -.01837*** .00666 .0058 Gender gender • • gender ge -.46041** .19900 .0207 Body Mass Index bmi • • bmi -.05944*** .02090 .0045 Hours slept in the previous night hours_slept hours_slept -.32331*** .09256 .0005 • • .65585** .33006 .0469 stress KSS stress Stress situation in the previous 24 hours • • smoke -1.14862*** .43883 .0089 Smoke habits smoke • • • KSS < 6 → Not Drowsy medication_other -.73959 .45357 .1030 did not take • • KSS ≥ 6 → Drowsy medication_did_not_take -.82392* .42891 .0547 Medication taken in the previous 24 hours depression/anxiety/muscle relaxant • • 15min .21862 .29863 .4641 other • .82759*** .29705 .0053 30min 15min • 45min 1.53176*** .30291 .0000 30min • Time when the participant rates his/her • 60min 1.59125*** .30501 .0000 45min • drowsiness level 60min 75min 1.54296*** .30442 .0000 • 75min • Note: ***, **, * ==> Significance at 1%, 5%, 10% level.

HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE TO THE FIRST DROWSINESS STATE: AN EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE TO THE FIRST DROWSINESS STATE: AN EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS 6. SECOND STAGE: DISCUSSION 7. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK How long does it take to the first drowsiness state? � According to naturalistic data ≈ 23 minutes � According to data from driving simulation ≈ 30 minutes � Need to confirm similarities with a larger simulated dataset (experiments are still running) � Evaluate the influence of biometric and dynamic driving parameters HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE TO THE FIRST DROWSINESS STATE: AN EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION! This work is financially supported by national funds through the FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC), under the MIT Portugal Programme under the project AWAREE (MIT-EXPL/STS/0125/2017).