Differential scanning calorimetry based evaluation of 3D printed PLA - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

YOUR 2 nd International Conference on Sustainable Energy LOGO and Resource Use in Food Chains Differential scanning calorimetry based evaluation of 3D printed PLA for phase change materials encapsulation or as container material of heat storage tanks Pavlos K. Pandis a , Stamatoula Papaioannou a , Maria K. Koukou b , Michalis Gr. Vrachopoulos b , Vassilis N. Stathopoulos a a Laboratory of Chemistry and Materials Technology , Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Technological Applications, Technological Educational Institute of Sterea Ellada, 34400 Psachna campus, Evia, Greece b Energy and Environmental Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Technological Applications, Technological Educational Institute of Sterea Ellada, 34400 Psachna campus, Evia, Greece Pafos, Cyprus, Oct 2018 RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains

2 nd International Conference on Sustainable Energy YOUR LOGO and Resource Use in Food Chains Presentation Layout • Introduction  Energy today  Thermal Energy Systems  PCMs  3D printing (FFD) - PLA • Concept • Experimental Procedure • Results • Conclusions RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains L aboratory of C hemistry and M aterials T echnology, Technological Educational Institute of Sterea Ellada 2

2 nd International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Resource Use in Food Chains Energy facts and figures Energy consumption is increasing every day International Energy Agency (IEA)’s, World Energy Outlook, 2017 World Energy Council, World Energy Resources Full Report 2016 The energy model used by our society is not sustainable Industry is consuming about 28% of energy demand 50% of generated heat is wasted polluting technologies, fossil fuels renewable energy not technically & economically viable global storage market of 1.4 GW/y by 2020 The use of Energy Storage – (ES) systems often result in such significant benefits as:  Reduced energy costs & consumption  Increased flexibility of operation A large variety of ES techniques are  Reduced initial and maintenance costs under development, which can be grouped as follows: The storage of energy in suitable and clean Mechanical, Thermal, Chemical, forms is today a challenge to the Biological, Magnetic technologists H. Jouhara, et al, Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, 6 (2018) 268-289. H. Jouhara, A.G. Olabi, Editorial: Industrial waste heat recovery, Energy, 160 (2018) 1-2. RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains L aboratory of C hemistry and M aterials T echnology, Technological Educational Institute of Sterea Ellada 3

2 nd International Conference on Sustainable Energy YOUR LOGO and Resource Use in Food Chains Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Thermal Energy Storage 3 major categories Latent Heat Energy Storage • PCMs • Eutectics • Steam Sensible Heat Energy Storage • Molten Salt • Steam • Hot water Storage tanks • Hot rocks Thermochemical • Salt dissolution RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains L aboratory of C hemistry and M aterials T echnology, Technological Educational Institute of Sterea Ellada 4

2 nd International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Resource Use in Food Chains Phase Change Material (PCM) PCM: material with capacity to store and release large amounts of energy (latent heat) via phase transition Applications: Construction, Textile, Food packaging industry, Medical packaging industry, Automobile, Transportation, aerospace, photovoltaics etc Benefits : SOLID  LIQUID Phase Change: Heat Storage • Higher storage density than sensible heat • Smaller temperature change between storing and releasing energy Open issues : LIQUID  SOLID Phase Change: Heat release • shape stabilization • Corrosiveness (materials compatibility) • Low thermal conductivity • High cost RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains L aboratory of C hemistry and M aterials T echnology, Technological Educational Institute of Sterea Ellada 5

2 nd International Conference on Sustainable Energy YOUR LOGO and Resource Use in Food Chains Materials & PCMs in TES systems Compact - tanks Smaller size-encapsulated M.K. Koukou, et al., Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, 7 (2018) 87-98. Materials investigated Metals : Cu and Al alloys, Carbon TES encapsulated PCMs Steel, Stainless Steel • textiles Polymers : PP, PET, HDPE, LDPE, • building materials Perspex • food sector J. Giro-Paloma et al., Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 53 (2016) 1059-1075. Z. Liu, et al., Building and Environment, 144 (2018) 281-294. X. Huo et al.,Carbohydrate polymers, 200 (2018) 602-610. Chalkia et al., RSC Adv., 8 (2018) 27438 RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains L aboratory of C hemistry and M aterials T echnology, Technological Educational Institute of Sterea Ellada 6

2 nd International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Resource Use in Food Chains Encapsulated PCMs High density polyethylene (HDPE) spheres with PCM A58 in water @ 65 o C after before Undesired results obtained in the water tank set-up  PCM leakage Suggestion of 25 heating cooling cycles to reach a stable state of the HDPE spheres to prevent leakage Benefits • Prevent reactivity towards environment L. Navarroet al, High density polyethylene spheres with PCM for domestic hot • Control volume as phases change water applications: Water tank and laboratory scale study, Journal of Energy • Prevent large drops in heat transfer rates Storage, 13 (2017) 262-267. RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains L aboratory of C hemistry and M aterials T echnology, Technological Educational Institute of Sterea Ellada 7

2 nd International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Resource Use in Food Chains Concept Metal fabricated tank materials Availability, price, manufacturability (carbon steel, Al and/or Cu alloys ) Organic PCMs: not aggressive to metal container Inorganic PCMs: aggressive to metal container No corrosion of stainless steel (but expensive!!) Polymer materials PP, PET, HDPE and LDPE PET and PP proved to be the best encapsulation materials for the organic PCM while HDPE for the inorganic PCM tested Issues to address : cost, materials availability, corrosiveness, manufacturability The use of PLA in contact with two organic PCMs (A44 & A58) for the first time PLA based latent heat storage tanks and encapsulation core material via 3D printing RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains L aboratory of C hemistry and M aterials T echnology, Technological Educational Institute of Sterea Ellada 8

2 nd International Conference on Sustainable Energy YOUR LOGO and Resource Use in Food Chains 3D printing - PLA Green polymer – PLA ( Poly(lactic acid )) bioactive thermoplastic aliphatic polyester derived from renewable resources, such as • environmentally friendly • corn starch • nontoxic • cassava roots • recyclable • sugarcane • good mechanical & thermal properties • versatile in terms of manufacturability 3D printing technology  towards the replacement of standard structural parts on various industrial processes PLA material • State of the art for additive manufacturing • NOT TESTED for use in PCM/TES Structure & shape stabilization on-demand for encapsulation & tank design by PLA 3D printing additive manufacturing RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains L aboratory of C hemistry and M aterials T echnology, Technological Educational Institute of Sterea Ellada 9

2 nd International Conference on Sustainable Energy YOUR LOGO and Resource Use in Food Chains Experimental Prusa i3 3D printer In contact with • FFD technique two organic PCMs 200 o C (1.75mm)  linear hydrocarbons (A44) heated bed (60 o C) •  fatty alcohols (A58) • nozzle (Ø 0.4 mm) 0.02 x 0.02 x 0.0015 m 1. Samples’ treatment 3. Evaluation PLA PCM / PLA 2. Cleaning Procedure  Mass uptake 65 o C • rinsed/mildly scrubbed H 2 O  Thermal properties • rinsed with ethanol • DSC experiments (14-220 o C) • rinsed H 2 O • 20 ml/min flow of N 2 • Drying • 10 K/min ramp A44 A58 • (crystallinity)  Optical No cleaning for plain PLA 65 o C  Contact Angle RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains L aboratory of C hemistry and M aterials T echnology, Technological Educational Institute of Sterea Ellada 10

2 nd International Conference on Sustainable Energy YOUR LOGO and Resource Use in Food Chains Results – Mass change 0.12 Comparison with HDPE A44 0.11 6 0.012%/cm 2 for A44/PLA and A58 0.10 A44/ 44/PLA 0.045%/cm 2 for A58/PLA from day 28 A44/HDP HDPE 0.09 5 A58/ 58/PLA 0.08 -2 ] A58/HDP HDPE e [%] Mass Uptake [% cm 4 0.07 ange [ 0.06 chan 3 0.05 ass c 0.04 2 Mas 0.03 0.02 1 0.01 0 0.00 Da Day 1 1 Day ay 40 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 V. Chalkia, N.Tachos, P.K. Pandis, A. Giannakas, M. Koukou, Time days] M.Vrachopoulos, L. Coelho, A. Ladavos, V. N. Stathopoulos, • very small mass increase Influence of organic phase change materials on the physical and mechanical properties of HDPE and PP polymers, • practically stable in terms of mass RSC Advances, 8 ( 2018 ) 27438-27447. RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains L aboratory of C hemistry and M aterials T echnology, Technological Educational Institute of Sterea Ellada 11