Development in PMTs for advanced Fluorescence Telescopes Sven Querchfeld, Karl-Heinz Kampert, Daniel Kruppke-Hansen, Julian Rautenberg OBSERVATORY HAP Workshop Advanced Technologies January 24 th 2013 s.querchfeld@uni-wuppertal.de
The Pierre Auger Observatory largest experiment to detect cosmic rays at highest energies 3000 km 2 , hybrid detector ◮ 1660 surface detectors ◮ 24 fluorescence telescopes ◮ +3 HEAT tel. ◮ radio array ◮ muon detectors S. Querchfeld (Uni Wuppertal) Development in PMTs for advanced Fluorescence Telescopes 24.01.2013 1 / 21
The Pierre Auger Observatory largest experiment to detect cosmic rays at highest energies 3000 km 2 , hybrid detector ◮ 1660 surface detectors ◮ 24 fluorescence telescopes ◮ +3 HEAT tel. ◮ radio array ◮ muon detectors S. Querchfeld (Uni Wuppertal) Development in PMTs for advanced Fluorescence Telescopes 24.01.2013 1 / 21
Fluorescence Telescopes optimized for fluorescence light between 300 nm and 400 nm camera: 440 photomultiplier (PMT) transition between PMTs is covered by light guides S. Querchfeld (Uni Wuppertal) Development in PMTs for advanced Fluorescence Telescopes 24.01.2013 2 / 21
Fluorescence Telescopes optimized for fluorescence light between 300 nm and 400 nm camera: 440 photomultiplier (PMT) transition between PMTs is covered by light guides S. Querchfeld (Uni Wuppertal) Development in PMTs for advanced Fluorescence Telescopes 24.01.2013 2 / 21
Motivation ’Auger-Next’ ◮ new observatory (> 10 000 km 2 ) ◮ new fluorescence detectors/design new PMTs with higher quantum efficiency (QE) available Photonis stopped PMT-production and delivery before HEAT was equipped (re-opened by HZC Photonics in Dec. 2012) S. Querchfeld (Uni Wuppertal) Development in PMTs for advanced Fluorescence Telescopes 24.01.2013 3 / 21
Telescope Simulation 4 shower, standard setup standard setup only HEAT1 with new PMTs Detector simulation of proton and complete HEAT with new PMTs 3.5 complete Co with new PMTs proton iron showers with enhanced QE iron /N 3 shower, new setup PMTs: 2.5 simulation show increased N 2 performance for fd telescopes 1.5 ◮ HEAT: below ∼ 10 17 eV 1 already for one upgraded 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5 19 19.5 log(Energy/eV) HEAT camera ◮ CO: higher energies shower, standard setup standard setup only HEAT1 with new PMTs 3 complete HEAT with new PMTs complete Co with new PMTs telescopes see further away proton iron 2.5 /N shower, new setup Region which most benefits from 2 HEAT upgrade is exactly where most N 1.5 enhancements are located (AERA, AMBER, AMIGA, Infill) 1 0.5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Core Eye Distance in km S. Querchfeld (Uni Wuppertal) Development in PMTs for advanced Fluorescence Telescopes 24.01.2013 4 / 21
Photomultiplier XP3062 Ham. R9420-100 Ham. R8900-100 Faceplate hexagonal round square Photocathode bialkali super-bialkali super-bialkali Window lime glass borosilicate borosilicate Dynode structure/stages lin. focused/ 8 lin. focused/ 8 metal channel/ 10 2 . 6 × 10 5 3 . 7 × 10 5 1 × 10 6 Gain Supply Voltage [V] typ. 1100 1300 800 max. 1300 1500 900 Dark current [nA] typ. 1 10 2 max. 20 100 20 Cathode sens. [mA/W] 90 110 110 Q.E. at peak wavelength 27 % 35 % 35 % Rise Time [ns] 3 1.6 1.8 S. Querchfeld (Uni Wuppertal) Development in PMTs for advanced Fluorescence Telescopes 24.01.2013 5 / 21
QE Test Setup in Wuppertal QE PMT ( λ ) = QE Ref ( λ ) · | I PMT |−| I ped , PMT | | I Ref |−| I ped , Ref | S. Querchfeld (Uni Wuppertal) Development in PMTs for advanced Fluorescence Telescopes 24.01.2013 6 / 21
QE Measurement 45 Quantum efficiency [%] Ham. R9420-100 40 Ham. R8900U-100 35 Photonis XP3062 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Wavelength [nm] measurement in reference to calibrated photodiode higher QE verified S. Querchfeld (Uni Wuppertal) Development in PMTs for advanced Fluorescence Telescopes 24.01.2013 7 / 21
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