Nepal Micro Hydropower Development Association Chiara Fabrizio, Reza Baharivand, Rhea Riemke, Shuliang(Peter) Sun Group Project APS 510, Prof. Henry Vehovec Presentation in Lecture – Tuesday, December 4, 2012 1
Outline 1. Key Technology Features 2. Background of the Organization 3. Innovation, Scale, Decentralization 4. Likely Impact 5. Conclusion UNDP Video http://bcove.me/xxbdxjmx 2
Geography and Context Nepal Land area: 147,181 km^2 (93 rd largest country by land mass) Population: 27 million (41 st most populous country) Himalaya collision zone in Nepal causes a lot of tall mountains over 6,000m including Mount Everest. Snow line starts at over 5000m. Moving at 67mm per year. 3
Energy Landscape • Nepal has no proven oil or natural gas resource. Average electricity consumption per capita (kWh) Nepal 86 United States / Canada 11,496 / 12,836 EU 4,667 • 40 % of population have access to electrical grid • ¾ of 27 million population live in rural areas. • 90/10 discrepancy in electrical access between urban and rural areas. 4
Nepal & Power – Energy, Electricity and Policy Electricity Generation Mix : 91% Hydro Power 9% Fossil Fuels Total Energy Mix Increasing energy demand Nepal Electricity Authority • Hydropower Development • Independent Power Producers • Community Rural Electrification Department 5
Hydropower – Classification by Size usually feeding into a large Large/Big-hydro < 100 MW electricity grid Medium-hydro 15 MW – 100 MW feeding into a grid. Small-hydro 1 MW – 15 MW - » - either stand alone schemes or more often feeding into the grid, Micro /Mini- 5 kW – 100 kW usually providing power for a hydro small community or rural industry in remote areas From a few mostly Pico-hydro hundred watts up mechanical to 5 kW shaft power 6
Micro-Hydro Power – How it works Potential Energy Kinetic Energy Mechanical Energy Electrical Energy 7
Using Micro-Hydro Power – Technology Direct use: mechanical power Output from the turbine shaft Conversion: electrical generator Electricity • Calculating the obtainable power Theoretical / Potential Power: (P) = Flow rate (Q) x Head (H) x Gravity (g) 𝑄 = 9.81 ∗ 𝑅 ∗ 𝐼 𝑙𝑋 Conversion Losses: Capacity Factor η between 50% and 80% Effective Power: 𝑄 𝑓𝑔𝑔 = 𝑄 ∗ η • Base Load & Load Control 8
Stages of Implementation Operation Construction Search for and Planning and Partners and Maintenance Assessment of Financing Needs and Site Project Initiation 9
Issues, Benefits & Critical Aspects – Environmental, Social and Economic Environmental Socio-Economic + CO2 (double value) + Initial Costs + Educational Time & Distribution of o Fish Women’s Activities Capacity Building - Q347 (Environmental Flow) + Access to Electricity as the «Foundation of a modern life style» o Ownership, Management & Training for a 5 kW plant: $ 23,000 (community-based vs. privately-owned) (4600 $/kW) - High Dependency on Donor Fund & for a 100 kW plant: $ 390,000 Low (Direct) Economic Return (3900 $/kW) - Inequity (social stratification along gender, caste, and ethnic lines) 10
Alternative: Micro solar • Capacity factor: 17% • Nepal has over 300 sunny days a year • Can be used for solar thermal heater or solar electricity generation • E.g. 5kw system 15% EFF cells • =33.3 m^2 of silicon * Irradiance * EFF • = 10,950 kWh/yr ~ power for 45 households (3 person/household) Compo Price nents ($/watt) Panel 2 Cost: Inverter 0.8 • 5 kW: $24,000 Battery 1.8 (Lead- • 50 kW: $240,000 Acid) $0.11 kWh over a Controll 0.2 ers 20 year lifespan Labor Free! Total 4.8 11
Alternative: Micro Wind • Capacity factor: 25% • Nepal has 7,607 km^2 of wind at 3- 7class at 50m, world rank = 36 • 50 kW system can produce 114,000 – 250,000 kWh/year. ~power for 740 households (3 person/household) P (W/m^2) V (m/s) class 0 0 1 200 5.6 Cost: 2 300 6.4 • 5 kW system: $50k - 65k 3 400 7.0 4 • 50 kW system : $340k 500 7.5 5 600 8.0 $0.09 - $0.15 kWh over 20 6 800 8.8 year life span 7 2000 11.9 12
Alternative: Geothermal and Micro Nuclear • Geothermal: Capacity factor: 60% Need be located near springs, most springs near the main central thrust zone or main boundary fault zone, lack of drilling expertise for geothermal wells. • Micro-Nuclear: Capacity factor: 80% magnitudes of 200 kW. 6m(20ft) by 2m(6ft). Problems with technical expertise and waste management. 13
Comparison between Micro-hydro and others Micro- Micro-Solar Micro-Wind Micro- Hydro Nuclear Capacity 50 - 80 % 17 % 25 % 80% factor Type Base load Intermittent Intermittent Base load $/watt to 4.6 - 3.9 4.8 10 - 6.8 n/a install Size (kw) 5 – 100 5 – 50 5 – 50 200 Cost ($) 23 k - 390 k 24k – 240k 50k – 340k n/a Annual 35,040 – 10,950 – 18,000 – 1,401,600 electricity 350,040 109,500 180,000 production (kwh) *Note: Hydro cost is for 100 kW plant 14
Nepal and the Nepalese Micro-Hydro Development Association Context: Population Economy Who: 9 privately-run firms When: 1992 Why: " Collective efforts to lobby government agencies and international non-governmental organizations for extending access to electricity to village people" (Purna N.Ranjitkar, CEO - NMHDA) 15
NMHDA – Objectives Technology hub Policy Professional welfare Development 16
NMHDA – Today Organizational structure Membership - 54 companies Types of companies 1. surveyors & designers 2. manufacturers 3. installers - up to 5 kW - up to 100 kW Size of companies Current electricity production 20 Mega Watt in 2500 plants 17
NMHDA - Funding structure Initial stage Self-funding Current situation Membership fee Training programmes Future - Alternative Energy Promotion Centre (government) - Foreign agencies 18
NMHDA - Back to the future Activities abroad Trainings Services/products Members Electricity production >100 kW => training capacity upgrading 19
Definitions Social Frugal Innovation "Innovations that are designed for poor markets that scale in sustainable ways" and try to solve the problems of invisibility of end-users" Generative diffusion "generative" because the adoption of an innovation will take different forms rather than replicate a given model, "diffusion" because it spreads along multiple paths Decentralization A technological, political, and legal framework to achieve participation, local planning and service delivery 20
Nepal ’ s framework to decentralize energy planning Before decentralization act: • Coordination problems on the ground , impeded delivery process All institutionally supported rural energy initiatives, centralized! • 1999 local self-governance act states: • District-level committees take responsibility Formulate, implement, operate, distribute hydro-power • • Maintain and repair projects 21
Achievements • Strong sense of ownership among communities • Nurtured local authorities ’ leadership Accelerated delivery of energy to rural areas • • Expansion of micro-hydro in remote, hilly locations 22
Financial Mechanisms • Self-governing funds at district/village level • Deposit from central-level into village-level funds Community energy fund owned by rural households • • Fund used to invest first, then revenue from end user back to the fund As a result: • Increased sense of of village-level institutional ownership Generated funds locally • • Mobilization of local resources made rural energy systems financially sustainable • 23
Capacity development to scale-up decentralized EAPs Collaboration of UNDP with Nepal ’ s Ministry of Environment Main findings from field experiences for capacity building: 1. Capacity development is central to successful scaling-up of rural EAPs 2. Upfront public investments are needed to develop national & local capacities for scaling-up rural energy services delivery, and can catalyze private financing 3. scaling-up of decentralized energy access programmes to meet their full potential is financially within reach, particularly with greater participation from private sector. Two successful scaled up programmes: 1. Small hydro-power (150MW by 2030, USD 435m) 2. National solar power -cooking stoves (2m by 2030, USD 18m) 24
Sustainable energy offers: 1)Rise in living standards 2)Economic growth 3)Environmental balance Nepal before: Highly dependent on traditional bio fuel for heating and cooking Threat to environment & people ’ s health Nepal after: - 59000 household & 317 plants of hydro-power (5.7 MW capacity) - 15000 cooking stoves, 7000 toilet-attached biogas, 3200 solar home heat - Modern energy available to 1m people in rural & remote areas - Significant progress in rural development - Increase in household income and spending - Promoting environmental quality by means of renewables 25
Impact on Nepal & Nepalese • National ownership & commitment Local engagement • • Catalytic finance Community mobilization & local • partnership • Capacity development at all levels 15% of Nepal ’ s electricity from MH • • 40 new business ’ for every MH station reduced household spending on • energy 26
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