Dark Matter Candidates Dark Matter Candidates Stefano Scopel Korea - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Dark Matter Candidates Dark Matter Candidates Stefano Scopel Korea Institute for Advanced Study - Korea Institute for Advanced Study Korea Institute for Advanced Study Korea Institute for Advanced Study - - Seoul - Seoul Seoul Seoul http://newton.kias.re.kr/~scopel TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11 TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11- TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11- TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11 -15 2007 -15 2007 15 2007 15 2007 TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11 TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11 TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11 TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11 - - - - 15 2007 15 2007 15 2007 15 2007

Outline •Evidence for Dark Matter •Dark Matter properties •neutrinos •axions •WIMP candidates from UED, Little Higgs, SUSY •The neutralino •Relic abundance •Direct detection •Conclusions •Topics covered by other talks: •Experimental direct searches (Pierluigi Belli, Dan Bauer) •Indirect detection – theory (Lars Bergström) •Indirect detection – experiment (Piergiorgio Picozza) TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11 TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11 TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11- TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11- -15 2007 -15 2007 15 2007 15 2007 TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11 TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11 TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11 TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11 - - - - 15 2007 15 2007 15 2007 15 2007

Evidence�for�Dark�Matter •Spiral galaxies •rotation curves •Clusters & Superclusters •Weak gravitational lensing •Strong gravitational lensing •Galaxy velocities •X rays •Large scale structure •Structure formation •CMB anisotropy: WMAP •Ω tot =1 •Ω dark energy ~0.7 • Ω matter ~ 0.27 • Ω baryons ~0.05 Ω dark matter ~ 0.22 TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11- TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11 -15 2007 15 2007 TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11 TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11 - - 15 2007 15 2007

The�properties�of�a�good�Dark�Matter�candidate: � stable�(protected�by�a�conserved� quantum�number) � no�charge,�no�colour (weakly� interacting) � cold,�non�dissipative � relic�abundance�compatible�to� * observation � motivated�by�theory�(vs.�“ad�hoc”) subdominant�candidates�– variety�is�common�in�Nature� →may�be�easier�to�detect TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11- TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11 -15 2007 15 2007 TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11 TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11 - - 15 2007 15 2007

The�first�place�to�look�for�a�DM�candidate… TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11 TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11- -15 2007 15 2007 TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11 TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11 - - 15 2007 15 2007

∑ m Neutrino ν � = 2 − � ∝< σ > h 2 1 h v ν ν 91.5 � eV ann COLD HOT •Σm v <0.66�eV (WMAP+LSS+SN) •LEP:� N ν =2.994±0.012 → m ν ≥45�GeV 3�– 7�GeV → B ν h 2� ≤ 10 D3� •DM�searches� ~10�eV exclude: 10� GeV ≤ m ν ≤ 5 TeV (similar�constraints� for�sneutrinos and� KKDneutrinos) mix�with�sterile�component does�not�work (both�for�neutrinos�and�sneutrinos) TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11- TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11 -15 2007 15 2007 TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11 TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11 - - 15 2007 15 2007

beyond�the� standard� model TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11 TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11- -15 2007 15 2007 TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11 TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11 - - 15 2007 15 2007

(Incomplete) List�of�DM�candidates •RH�neutrinos •Axions •Lightest�Supersymmetric particle�(LSP)�– neutralino,� sneutrino,�axino •Lighest KaluzaDKlein� Particle�(LKP)� •Heavy�photon�in�Little� Higgs�Models •Solitons (QDballs,�BDballs) • Black�Hole�remnants •… TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11 TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11 TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11- TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11- -15 2007 -15 2007 15 2007 15 2007 TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11 TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11 TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11 TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11 - - - - 15 2007 15 2007 15 2007 15 2007

The�axion •Pseudo�Goldstone�boson�of�PecceiDQuinn�symmetry�introduced� to�explain�CP�conservation�in�QCD:�φ=�F�e iθ • •3�productions�mechanisms�in�the�early�Universe: 1)�misalignment�(T> Λ QCD )�+coherent�oscillations�around�� minimum�(T<� Λ QCD )�: ������ if�no�inflation�after�PQ�phase�trans. : ������� (flat�dist. → < θ 2 >= π 2 /3) → → � � ��� ��� �� → → otherwise:�smaller�m a possible (0.3�<�k a� <a�few) [Tegmark,Aguirre,�Rees.�Wilczek] 2) axion strings�(T R >f a )� 3)�thermal�(m a >10 D3 eV,�subdominant) TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11- TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11 -15 2007 15 2007 TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11 TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11 - - 15 2007 15 2007

Experimental�limits: use�data�from� WIMP�searches! (DAMA,�SOLAX,�COSME) (but�sensitivity� improves�as� (MT) 1/8 ) ADMX,� KYOTO g a γγ a γ g a γγ from�theory�&�uncertainty�in�the�masses�of�light�quarks, (Buckley,Murayama,�arXiv:0705.0542) B TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11- TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11 -15 2007 15 2007 TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11 TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11 - - 15 2007 15 2007

most�popular�DM�candidates�from�particle�physics (solve�hierarchy�problem:�M W /M Pl ~�10 D16 ) DM� conserved� symmetry candidate χ ( neutralino)� •susy RDparity •extra�dimensions KDparity B (1) (KK�photon) •little�Higgs TDparity B H� (heavy�photon) all�thermal�candidates,�massive,�with�weakDtype� interactions�(WIMPs) TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11- TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11 -15 2007 15 2007 TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11 TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11 - - 15 2007 15 2007

the�thermal�cosmological�density�of�a�WIMP�X Ω X h 2 ~ 1/<σ ann v> int x 0 <σ ann v> int = ∫<σ ann v>dx x f x 0 =M/T 0 T 0 =present (CMB) temperature x f =M/T f T f =freeze-out temperature X f >>1, X non relativistic at decoupling, low temp expansion for <σ ann v>: <σ ann v>~a+b/x if�σ ann is�given�by�weakDtype�interactions� → B X ~0.1D1 …+�cohannihilations with�other�particle(s) close�in�mass�+�resonant�annihilations TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11- TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11 -15 2007 15 2007 TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11 TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11 - - 15 2007 15 2007

WIMP direct�detection � Elastic�recoil�of�non�relativistic�halo�WIMPs�off�the� nuclei�of�an�underground�detector � Recoil�energy�of�the�nucleus�in�the�keV�range � Yearly�modulation�effect�due�to�the�rotation�of�the� Earth�around�the�Sun�(the�relative�velocity�between� the�halo,�usually�assumed�at�rest�in�the�Galactic� system,�and�the�detector�changes�during�the�year) TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11 TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11- -15 2007 15 2007 TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11 TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11 - - 15 2007 15 2007

WIMP�differential�detection�rate E R =nuclear�energy N T =#�of�nuclear�targets v=WIMP�velocity�in�the�Earth’s�rest�frame Astrophysics •ρ χ =WIMP�local�density •f(v)=�WIMP�velocity�distribution�function Particle�and�nuclear�physics • =WIMPDnucleus�elastic�cross�section usually�dominates,� α (atomic�number) 2 TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11- TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11 -15 2007 15 2007 TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11 TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11 - - 15 2007 15 2007

Different�halo�models�are�possible Interaction�on�NaI [Belli,�Cerulli,�Fornengo,�Scopel] timeDindependent part modulation�amplitude sizeable�variation�of�the�local�density:�0.17�<�ρ <�1.7 TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11 TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11- -15 2007 15 2007 TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11 TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11 - - 15 2007 15 2007

TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11 TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11- -15 2007 15 2007 TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11 TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11 - - 15 2007 15 2007

B (1) relic�abundance [Servant,Tait,�NPB650,391;New�J.�Phys.�4,99;�Kakizai &�al.,�PRD71,123522;�Kong,� Matchev,�JHEP0601,038] • coannihilations (many�modes�with�similar�masses)� • resonances�(M NLKP ~�2�x�M LKP ) •general�rule�of�coannihilation: smaller faster if�cohannihilating particle�annihilates���������������than�LKP → relic�abundance��� slower larger both�cases�are�possible�:�KK�quarks�and�gluons�vs.�KK�leptons B B� (1) h 2 =0.1 KK�leptons b≡fractional�mass�splitting TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11- TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11 -15 2007 15 2007 TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11 TAUP 2007, Sendai, September 11 - - 15 2007 15 2007