Course Overview and Introduction CE417: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Sharif University of Technology Spring 201 8 Soleymani Some slides have been adopted from: - Klein and Abdeel, CS188, UC Berkeley. - Sandholm, 15381, CMU.
Course Info Instructor: M. Soleymani Email: soleymani@sharif.edu HeadTA: Maryam Gholamalitabar 2
Text Book Artificial Intelligence:A Modern Approach by Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig 3 rd Edition, 2009 http://aima.cs.berkeley.edu/ 3
Marking Scheme Mid Term Exam: 25% Final Exam: 35% Homeworks (written & programming): 35% Four or five quizzes: 5% 4
Today What is artificial intelligence? What can AI do? What is this course? 5
Sci-Fi AI? 6
Formal Definitions of Artificial Intelligence Human intelligence Rational Thinking Thinking humanly Thinking rationally Behavior Acting humanly Acting rationally 7
What is AI? The science of making machines that: Think like people Think rationally Act like people Act rationally 8
What is AI? The science of making machines that: Think like people Think rationally Act like people Act rationally 9
Acting Humanly Turing Test (Turing, 1950): Operational test for intelligent behavior: A human interrogator communicates (through a teletype) with a hidden subject that is either a computer system or a human. If the human interrogator cannot reliably decide whether or not the subject is a computer, the computer is said to have passed theTuring test. 5 minutes test, it passes by fooling the interrogator 30% of time Turing predicted that by 2000 a computer could pass the test. He was wrong. 10
Rational Decisions We ’ ll use the term rational in a very specific, technical way: Rational: maximally achieving pre-defined goals Rationality only concerns what decisions are made (not the thought process behind them) Goals are expressed in terms of the utility of outcomes Being rational means maximizing your expected utility A better title for this course would be: Computational Rationality 11
Maximize Your Expected Utility 12
What About the Brain? Brains (human minds) are very good at making rational decisions, but not perfect Brains aren ’ t as modular as software, so hard to reverse engineer! “ Brains are to intelligence as wings are to flight ” Lessons learned from the brain: memory and simulation are key to decision making 13
A (Short) History of AI Demo: HISTORY – MT1950.wmv 14
A (Short) History of AI 1940-1950: Early days 1943: McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brain 1950: Turing's “ Computing Machinery and Intelligence ” 1950 — 70: Excitement: Look, Ma, no hands! 1950s: Early AI programs, including Samuel's checkers program, Newell & Simon's Logic Theorist, Gelernter's Geometry Engine 1956: Dartmouth meeting: “ Artificial Intelligence ” adopted 1965: Robinson's complete algorithm for logical reasoning 1970 — 90: Knowledge-based approaches 1969 — 79: Early development of knowledge-based systems 1980 — 88: Expert systems industry booms 1988 — 93: Expert systems industry busts: “ AI Winter ” 1990 — : Scientific method (Statistical approaches) Resurgence of probability, focus on uncertainty General increase in technical depth Agents and learning systems … “ AI Spring ” ? 2000 — :Where are we now? 15
Birth of AI: 1943-1956 16
A (Short) History of AI 1940-1950: Early days 1943: McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brain 1950: Turing's “ Computing Machinery and Intelligence ” 1950 — 70: Excitement: Look, Ma, no hands! 1950s: Early AI programs, including Samuel's checkers program, Newell & Simon's Logic Theorist, Gelernter's Geometry Engine 1956: Dartmouth meeting: “ Artificial Intelligence ” adopted 1965: Robinson's complete algorithm for logical reasoning 1970 — 90: Knowledge-based approaches 1969 — 79: Early development of knowledge-based systems 1980 — 88: Expert systems industry booms 1988 — 93: Expert systems industry busts: “ AI Winter ” 1990 — : Scientific method (Statistical approaches) Resurgence of probability, focus on uncertainty General increase in technical depth Agents and learning systems … “ AI Spring ” ? 2000 — :Where are we now? 17
Early successes: 1950s-1960s -> A* algorithm 18
First AI Winter: Late 1970s 19
A (Short) History of AI 1940-1950: Early days 1943: McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brain 1950: Turing's “ Computing Machinery and Intelligence ” 1950 — 70: Excitement: Look, Ma, no hands! 1950s: Early AI programs, including Samuel's checkers program, Newell & Simon's Logic Theorist, Gelernter's Geometry Engine 1956: Dartmouth meeting: “ Artificial Intelligence ” adopted 1965: Robinson's complete algorithm for logical reasoning 1970 — 90: Knowledge-based approaches 1969 — 79: Early development of knowledge-based systems 1980 — 88: Expert systems industry booms 1988 — 93: Expert systems industry busts: “ AI Winter ” 1990 — : Scientific method (Statistical approaches) Resurgence of probability, focus on uncertainty General increase in technical depth Agents and learning systems … “ AI Spring ” ? 2000 — :Where are we now? 20
Expert Systems and Business (1970s-1980s) 21
A (Short) History of AI 1940-1950: Early days 1943: McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brain 1950: Turing's “ Computing Machinery and Intelligence ” 1950 — 70: Excitement: Look, Ma, no hands! 1950s: Early AI programs, including Samuel's checkers program, Newell & Simon's Logic Theorist, Gelernter's Geometry Engine 1956: Dartmouth meeting: “ Artificial Intelligence ” adopted 1965: Robinson's complete algorithm for logical reasoning 1970 — 90: Knowledge-based approaches 1969 — 79: Early development of knowledge-based systems 1980 — 88: Expert systems industry booms 1988 — 93: Expert systems industry busts: “ AI Winter ” 1990 — : Scientific method (Statistical approaches) Resurgence of probability, focus on uncertainty General increase in technical depth Agents and learning systems … “ AI Spring ” ? 2000 — :Where are we now? 22
Focus on Applications (1990s-2010s) 23
Reemergence of AI (2010s-??) 2015-2017 – superhuman speech understanding 24
Current Applications of AI 25
Superhuman strategic reasoning under imperfect information Libratus beats best humans at heads-up no-limit Texas hold ’ em poker [Brown & Sandholm] Pittsburgh, January 2017 Haikou, April 2017 26
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AI is a fast-moving exciting area We can directly make the world a better place 33
What Can AI Now Do? Quiz:Which of the following can be done at present? Play a decent game of table tennis? Play a decent game of Jeopardy? Drive safely along a curving mountain road? Drive safely alongTelegraph Avenue? Buy a week's worth of groceries on the web? Buy a week's worth of groceries at Berkeley Bowl? Discover and prove a new mathematical theorem? Converse successfully with another person for an hour? Perform a surgical operation? Put away the dishes and fold the laundry? Translate spoken Chinese into spoken English in real time? Write an intentionally funny story? 34
Natural Language Speech technologies (e.g. Siri) Automatic speech recognition (ASR) Text-to-speech synthesis (TTS) Dialog systems 35
Natural Language Speech technologies (e.g. Siri) Automatic speech recognition (ASR) Text-to-speech synthesis (TTS) Dialog systems Language processing technologies Question answering Machine translation Web search Text classification, spam filtering, etc … 36
Vision (Perception) Object and face recognition Scene segmentation Image classification Images from Erik Sudderth (left), wikipedia (right) 37
Robotics Robotics Part mech. eng. Part AI Reality much harder than simulations! Technologies Vehicles Rescue Soccer! Lots of automation … In this class: We ignore mechanical aspects Methods for planning Methods for control Images from UC Berkeley, Boston Dynamics, RoboCup, Google 38
Logic Logical systems Theorem provers NASA fault diagnosis Question answering Methods: Deduction systems Constraint satisfaction Satisfiability solvers (huge advances!) Image from Bart Selman 39
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